Processing Unit

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Processing Unit
?????????????
IT201 Computer Information Technology
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Processing Unit CPUMemory
CPU
Register
Control U
ALU
Memory
Processor
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??????????? (Memory)

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????????????????
• ???????????? ??????????????
• ????????????? Memory ?????????????????? RAM
• Memory ???????????????????????? (chip)
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  (Motherboard)

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Memory
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Motherboard CPU Memory
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??????????????????

• ?????????????????? 2 ???????? ???
• 1. ?????????????? (ROM Read-Only Memory)
• 2. ?????????????? (RAM Random Access Memory)

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ROM (Read-Only Memory)

• ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? Bootstrap Loader
• ?????????????????????? ROM ???????????????????????
  ???? ???????????????????????????????

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ROM (Read-Only Memory)

• ??????????? Nonvolatile ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

• ???????????????????????????????????????/??????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  
• ??????????????? RAM ??????????????????????????????
  ??? ?????????????? Random Access Memory
• ??????????? Volatile ??? ????????????????????????
  ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????
  RAM ????????

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How does RAM work?

• ?????????????????????? ????????
• 1 ?????????????? 1 Byte (???? 1 ????????)

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??????? RAM

• ??????? 2 ???????? ???
• Static RAM (SRAM) -- ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????? (???????????????)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) -- ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????? (??????????????????)
• SRAM ???????????????? DRAM ?????????????? DRAM

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DRAM Technologies
single in-line memory module (SIMM)
dual in-line memory module (DIMM) Rambus Inline
Memory Module (RIMM)

• FPM-DRAM
• 30 ??????????????? (SIMM) 200 MBps 386 468
  computer
• EDO-DRAM
• 72 ????????????? (DIMM) 264 MBps
• SDRAM
• 168 ????????????? (DIMM) 528 MBps
• DDR-SDRAM
• 184 ????????????? (DIMM) 1-3.2 GBps
• RDRAM
• 184 ????????????? (RIMM) 1.6-10.7 GBps

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Example of memory speed
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Main memory trends
Try pantip market price
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RAM
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Central Processing Unit(?????????????????)

• CPU ?????????????????????????????? ?????????
  ????????????????????????????

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????????????? Central Processing Unit

• Control Unit (???????????)
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (?????????????????)
• Register (???????????????????????????)

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Control Unit (???????????)

• ??????????????? RAM ?????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ALU ??? Registers

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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (?????????????????)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? (???? ??? ?? ??? ???) ?????????????????????????
  ?? (???? ????????????????????? ???????? ????
  ??????? )
• ???????? CPU ????? ALU ???????????????
  (?????????????????????????)

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Register

• ???????????????????????????????????????? CPU
  ????? ALU ????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ? ???????

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Memory Comparison
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????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????? CPU
  ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????
  Machine Cycle
• ????? Machine Cycle ?????????? 2 ??????????? ???
  Instruction cycle ??? Execution cycle

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????????????????????

• ???????????? Instruction cycle ??????????????? 2
  ???????????
• 1. Fetch ????????????????????? RAM ???????
  Control Unit
• 2. Decode - Control Unit ?????????
  ?????????????????? ?????????????? Register
  ???????????????????

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???????????????????? (???)

• ????????????????? Execution cycle ??????????????
• 3. Execute - ?????????????????????? ????
• ?????????????????? Register
• 4. Store - ????????????????????????????????? ??
  RAM (???? Register ??????????????? ??????????????
  ???????????????)

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Machine Cycle
Fetch Instruction RAM to Control Unit
Place Result in Memory ALU to RAM
Instruction Time
Decode Instruction Control Unit
Execution Time
Execute Instruction ALU
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( Note ) - ?????????? 1 ???????????
1 Machine Cycle - 1 Machine Cycle
Instruction cycle Execution cycle
Fetch Time Decode Time Execute Time
Store Time
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???????????????????? CPU

• ?? 2 ??? ???
• ????????????????????????????????????1 Machine
  Cycle ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ???????? ??? second (1 ??????) , millisecond
  (10-3), microsecond (10-6), nanosecond (10-9),
  picosecond (10-12)

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???????????????????? CPU (???)

• ??????????????? Machine Cycle ??? CPU
  ?????????????????????? 1 ??????
  ?????????????????????????
• ????????????????
• 100 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)
• 1200 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)

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???????????? (System clock)

• ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????
• ??????????? (Quartz Crystal) ?????????????????????
  ????
• ???????? ???? Control unit ??? ALU
  ????????????????????????????????? System clock
• ???????????????????????? CPU ???????????
  ??????????? System clock
• ??????????? Hz ???? P4 3.2 GHz

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?
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?????????????????????????????

• CISC (Complex Instructions Set Computing)
• ?????????????????????? (More tools)
• RISC (Reduced Instructions Set Computing)
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? ?????????

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????????????????????????????

• ????????????? (Nanotechnology)
• ???????????????? (Bus bandwidth)
• ??? (Cache)
• ???????? (Pipeline)
• ?????????????????? (Parallel Processing)

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????????????????????????????

• ?????????????
• Pentium ??? ???????????? ???? 0.35 ?????? ?????
  3.3 ???????
• Pentium 4 ??? ???????????? ???? 0.13 ?????? ?????
  42 ???????
• ??????????????????? ???????????? ???? 0.09 ??????
  ???? 9 ????????

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????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????
• Bus ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????

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Bus Lines

• A bus line ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ? ??????

???????????????????????????? 1 ??????
??????????????????????? Megabits per second
(Mbps)
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????????????????????????????

• ??? (Cache)
• ?????????????????????????? Static RAM
  ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? CPU ??? Memory

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?????????????????? Cache
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????????????????????????????

• Pipelining
• 1 Machine Cycle ????????
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execute
• Store
• ???????????????????????????

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Example of Pipelining
Original Process - 3 sequences of 4 stages each
1 ??
????????
Original process takes 12 cycles Pipelined
process takes 6 cycles
????????
??????????????????? ?????????????????
???????????
??????????????
4 ??
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Example of Pipelining
Original Process - 3 sequences of 4 stages each
1 ??
Fetch
Original process takes 12 cycles Pipelined
process takes 6 cycles
Decode
??????????????????? ????????????????? ??? 20
????????????? ?
Execute
Store
4 ??
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???????????????????????????? Parallel Processing

• ?????????? Processor (CPU) ????????????????????
• 1 ??? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?? processor ???????

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???????????????????????????????????

• Port ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????
  ??????????? ???????
• ??????????????????? ??????
• Serial port
• Parallel port
• USB Port

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Ports
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Ports
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Serial Port
??????????????????????????????????????? (bit)
???????????????????????? ???????????? Port
??????????????? Mouse ??? MODEM (Transfer Rate
?????? 115 kbps)
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Parallel Port

• ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ??????????? 8 ???
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????

Transfer Rate ?????? 150 - 1024 kbps
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Serial and Parallel Ports
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USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port

• ???? Serial port ???????????????? (12 Mbps)
  ??????? serial ??? pararell
• ???????????????? 127 ?????, ?????-???????????????
  ?????????, ???????????????????,
  ???????????????????????

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IEEE 1394 Fire Wire

• ???????? 400 Mpbs
• ????????????? ????? ??? ??????

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????

• CPU ?????????????????????????

??????? ??????????????

• ?????????????????? 4