1911 Revolution

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1911 Revolution
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• The 1911 Revolution
• Causes
• Underlying Causes
• The internal decay of the Qing government
• -inefficient administration
• -serious corruption
• -low morale
• -poor leadership

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2. The role of Cixi What are her
responsibilities? -did not support the reform,
conservative -ignorant and blindly anti-foreign ?
Boxer Uprising -mismanagement and
corruption -liked accepting gifts-
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3. Foreign political and economic
invasion -unequal treaties-gtundermined
sovereignty -foreign control of the
economy -setting up of sphere of
influence -intervention of railway
construction-gt weakened economy and aroused local
hatred
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3. Natural disasters -food production did not
increase owing to the limited supply of
land -primitive methods of farming lack of
fertilizers -1877-79, 15 millions died because of
drought -1887-8 1 million perished
4. Suns revolutionary activities
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• 5. Humiliating defeats and treaties
• Ceding territories
• Granting privileges
• Losing tributory states
• Meeting huge indemnity payments
• 6. Impacts of foreign political ideas
• Positive western ideas of nationalism
• ,democracy idea of republicanism
• --? they turned to support Sun

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• 7. Years long antagonism between Manzhu and
• Chinese
• Manzhu had enjoyed privileges
• Held important posts
• Treated Chinese as a conquered race
• Manzhu seldom trusted the Chinese officials

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• 8. Internal Rebellion
• Taiping Rebellion
• Nien Moslem Rebellion
• -? spent money for suppressing rebellion,
• Lost revenue from those affected by the rebellion
• And regionalism

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• 9. Poor leadership
• Emphasis on eight legged essays and civil
• Service examination-gt produced officials
• Of little experience and ability in solving
  problem
• Corruption? no efficiency and justice
• Government became obsolete
• Cixi was conservative, corrupt and anti-foreign

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• 10.failure of reforms collapse of Qing
• Self-strengthening Movement
• 100 Days Reform
• Late Qing Reform

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• 11. Awakening nationalism
• Why was nationalism awakened?
• The repeated defeats in the wars
• the failure of the reforms
• --gt many joined the revolutionary movements

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How important was Sun in Chinese Revolution 1911
and political development? What effort did Sun
make in modernizing China? 1.Outline Three
Peoples Principles and three stages to
republicanism
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Suns Three Peoples Principles Democratic
ideas of government of the people, by the people
and for the people Minzuzhuyi--nationalism--to
overthrow the Manzhu and end foreign Minquanzhuyi-
democracy--to set up democratic
government Minshenzhuyi-socialism--to share in
land or capital in order to make a living
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Suns Three Steps to Republicanism Stage
1--government by military law for three
years Stage 2--government by a provisional constit
ution for six years Stage 3--the period of
democracy having constitution, parliament and
president
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2.Setting up revolutionary societies,
Xingzhonghui, Tongmenghui 3. Enlist the support
(financial )both in China or in foreign
countries 4. Organizing anti-Manzhu uprisings,
e.g. Guangzhou Uprising 1895, Huizhou Uprising
1900
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5. His efforts after 1911 -Set up the Republic
of China - Step down for Yuan Shikai 1912 -
Brought changes to party direction in second
Revolution
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Immediate Cause The Railway Problem The Wuchang
Uprising
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• The Railway Problem
• railway project was extensively carried out by
  provincial
• Authority, and dominated by the foreigners,
• with funds locally raised
• 1911, the Central government asked for
  nationalizing the
• railways
• Why was the railway nationalized?
• Facilitate central administration
• improve finance
• speed up reforms

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• Caused opposition to nationalization was strong
  in Sichuan
• province
• Societies for the Protection of Railway Rights
  was set up
• popular discontent developed into riots
• government resorted to suppression and killed
  people in
• Chengdu Massacre
• Government transferred New Army from Hubei to
  Sichuan
• Revolutionaries planned the uprising in October
  1911.

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• Wuchang Uprising
• Explosion at Hankou on 9 Oct.-gtrelease of
  namelist of
• revolutionaries of New Army
• Revolutionaries started uprising on 10 October
• on hearing the army mutiny, the Manzhu governor
• -general fled.
• Unplanned, disorganized
• --nationwide revolution.

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• In absence of leader, the soldiers forced Li
  Yuanhong
• to assume the commander of the revolutionary army
• they took Wucheng, Hankou and Hanyang with little
  
• bloodshed.

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• A military government was set up at Wuchang in
  the
• name of Republic of China
• Other provinces declared independent of the
  Manzhu
• government and gave Wuchang government
• immediate support.
• Sun returned and became the president of the
• Republic of China Jan. 1912.

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• Qing recalled Yuan from his retirement
• after the uprising
• Yuan promised to suppress upon conditions
• giving him full military power
• appointing him the premier
• calling the National parliament
• pardoning the political prisoners,
  revolutionaries,
• (to pacify them)

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• After some fightings, he negotiated with
• the revolutionaries
• Yuan persuaded Xuantong to abdicate
• Sun agreed to step down--gt Why?
• His army was no match with Yuans army
• a government headed by sourtherner
• would not be accepted by north
• foreign powers would support Yuan prevent civil
  war

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-Emperor Xuntong promised to abdicate on 12
Jan Sun also stepped down the next day and set 3
conditions
1. Nanjing remained the seat of government 2.
Yuan was to assume the presidency at Nanjing 3.
Yuan was to rule accordance with the constitution
Yuan Shikai was elected the provisional president
and Li Yuenhong as the vice-president.
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Significance of the 1911 Revolution Achievement
(bright side) 1. The end of dynastic
system -driving out the Manzhus, -Restoring
Chinese rule and establishing The
republicturning point in modern China 2. The
abolition of ruling by one race 3. The change in
life and culture
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4. Rise of nationalism in Souteast
Asia -beginning of decolonization 5. Promotion
of racial harmony 6. Bridging the gap between
China and the West
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• Limitation (dark side)
• 1. The power struggle between Yuan and
• Revolutionaries 1912-6
• Did not bring real democracy to China
• Did not pay effort on national reconstruction
• Handed power to YuanMonarchical
• Movement
• Sun did not set up a true democratic
• Governmentgovernment of the people,
• by the people, for the people

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• 2. Little attention to improving the
• Livelihood of the people
• No socio-economic reform
• 3. The Warlord Period 1916-28/ Unable to build
• China with democracy
• A lack of strong basis of national unity
• Conflicts between the northern and southern
• Provinces
• Did not reduce the power of the provincial
• Authoritiesact independently

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• Power struggle between the old and new
• Political parties in the parliamentmonarchical
• Movement
• After Yuans death, warlord period started
• 1916-28
• 4. The foreign threat /Unable to defend against
• Foreign threat
• Unable to resist the foreign aggression
• 21 demands further added to the unequal
• Treaties
• Britain and France did not give up unequal
• treaties

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5. The May Fourth Movement 1919 -beginning of
Chinese nationalism
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• How significant was the 1911 Revolution on
• Chinese modernization?
• Achievement (bright/ positive side)
• Immediate
• The end of dynastic system
• -driving out the Manzhus,
• -Restoring Chinese rule and establishing
• The republicturning point in modern China

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2. Setting up a republic and constitutional
Government 3. The abolition of ruling by one
race 4. The change in life and culture
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Long term 5. Rise of nationalism in Souteast
Asia -beginning of decolonization -Chinese were
awakened 6. Promotion of racial harmony 7.
Bridging the gap between China and the West
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• Limitation (dark/ negative side)
• 1. The power struggle between Yuan and
• Revolutionaries 1912-6
• Did not bring real democracy to China
• Did not pay effort on national reconstruction
• Handed power to YuanMonarchical
• Movement
• Sun did not set up a true democratic
• Governmentgovernment of the people,
• by the people, for the people

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• 2. Little attention to improving the
• Livelihood of the people
• No socio-economic reform
• 3. The Warlord Period 1916-28/ Unable to build
• China with democracy
• A lack of strong basis of national unity
• Conflicts between the northern and southern
• Provinces
• Did not reduce the power of the provincial
• Authoritiesact independently

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• B. Implementation
• Politically the Republic of China
• Diplomatically continued his fight against
• Foreign imperialism
• 3. Legally constitution that people should
• Enjoy freedom of . Sun protected the
• Constitution
• 4. Economically railway construction (200000
• Miles within 10 years)
• 5. Culturally Christian calendar western
• Culture
• 6. Socially Mister or Gentlemen

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How successful were Suns ideas in
modernizing China by 1920? How successful was
1911 Revolution in Achieving the ideas of Sun?
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• Power struggle between the old and new
• Political parties in the parliamentmonarchical
• Movement
• After Yuans death, warlord period started
• 1916-28

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• 4. The foreign threat /Unable to defend against
• Foreign threat
• Unable to resist the foreign aggression-Sun
• revolutionary government had promised to r
• Respect the treaty rights of the powers
• 21 demands further added to the unequal
• Treaties
• Britain and France did not give up unequal
• treaties

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5. The May Fourth Movement 1919 -beginning of
Chinese nationalism The 1911 Revolution opened
a new page, but Could not help the lives of the
Chinese people. China was even more politically
and Socially unstable.
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Suns ideas of modernization And their
implementation during the early Republic years
(1911-12)
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• The Three Principles
• Three Peoples Principles
• Nationalism China had to free herself
• From foreign interference
• Democracy all people were born with basic
• Natural rights and should have a say
• Socialism economic reforms should be
• Carried out to improve peoples
• livelihood