GIScience vs GISystems

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GIScience vs GISystems

• Whats the difference?
• Is he just being picky?

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GISystems

• Use of hardware, software, people, procedures,
  and data

GIScience

• Theory behind how to solve spatial problems with
  computers

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What is GIS?

• Literal
• Functional
• Component

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What is GIS literal definition?

• Geographic relating to the surface of the earth
• Information Knowledge derived from study,
  experience, or instruction
• System a group of interacting, interrelated, or
  interdependent elements forming a complex whole
• Science the observation, identification,
  description, experimental investigation, and
  theoretical explanation of phenomena

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What is a GIS functional definition

• inputting, storing, manipulating, analyzing, and
  reporting data describing places

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The GIS pipeline
Data gathering (input)
Data storage and specification
Data use and analysis
Data output
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Component definition

• An organized collection of computer hardware,
  software, geographic data, procedures, and
  personnel designed to handle all phases of
  geographic data capture, storage, analysis,
  query, display, and output.

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• Components of a GIS.

people
procedures
data
hardware
software
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Six functions of GISystems

• Capture data
• Store data
• Query data
• Analyze Data
• Display Data
• Produce Output

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GIS combines data at a location to provide a
better understand of that place. It serves as a
tool to model reality.
http//www.gis.com/whatisgis/whatisgis.pdf
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GIScience

• The current state of GIS as a system does not
  always provide the best or most informed methods
  of problem solving
• These research-oriented problems stem from how we
  choose to represent features geographically,
  store and analyze data, visualize information,
  measure location (geodesy), and model our world.

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For example

• A house may be represented 3 different ways in a
  GIS
• As a point on a map
• As an area (the footprint of the house)
• As a grouping of cells in an image (raster data)

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RASTER AND VECTOR DATA MODELS
REAL WORLD
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GRID RASTER
VECTOR
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Discussion

• Which model works best?

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The best of both worlds

• In the real world, GIS generally is practiced
  in one of three functional areas
• Pure research
• Use inspired research
• Applications
• Each area is dependant upon the other for
  inspiration and survival
• The vast majority of money and jobs lie in use
  inspired research and applications.

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The Scientific Method

• Examples of GIS in Science

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Example and discussion

• What is global climate change and what are its
  implications for urbanized areas?

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The scientific method

• Current knowledge is used to formulate a research
  question.
• The question is refined into a hypothesis that
  may be experimentally tested
• An experiment is run using appropriate and
  accepted methodology and data is captured
• The resulting data is analyzed and contextualized
  to prove or disprove the hypothesis
• Conclusions are drawn from proving/disproving of
  the hypothesis. These conclusions are used to
  support the development of another research
  question and the process repeats.

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The facts about carbon dioxide (CO2) and urban
areas

• CO2 is a significant greenhouse gas
• Changes to the global carbon cycle
• The proportion of the global population living in
  urban areas is increasing
• A significant portion of CO2 emitted into the
  atmosphere comes from urban areas
• Changes in policy regarding CO2 emissions will
  most likely have the largest impact in urban areas

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Phoenix, Arizona a living laboratory

• Phoenix is unique because it has a moderately
  dense population area surrounded by a very
  sparsely populated area
• There is little to no transition in population
  density as you move from urban to rural areas

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Research question

• What are the effects of population on local
  carbon dioxide concentrations?

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Hypothesis

• Urban areas with population densities greater
  than 5000 people per square mile will exhibit
  higher than average carbon dioxide concentrations
• The concentration of carbon dioxide will
  fluctuate with time of day in correlation with
  rush hours

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Measuring CO2 concentrations in metro-Phoenix
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Adapted from Idso, Brooks, et al. 2001
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GISystems Research Objective

• How can we estimate carbon dioxide levels at
  locations where no data were collected (analysis
  completed by E. Wentz, ASU Dept. of Geography)?

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Sources of CO2

• Soils
• Vehicle Emissions
• Power Plants
• Human Respiration
• Landfills
• Airplanes

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Average Weekday Traffic
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Population
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Employment
85,000 points
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Vegetation
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Regression results
CO2 a Urbanization Vegetation
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Morning CO2
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Afternoon CO2
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What is the concentration of CO2 in downtown
Phoenix in the morning?
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Research question

• What effect does increased local CO2 and
  urbanization have on quality of life?
• Quality of life can be described many ways.
  After sweating my hair out and paying 450 a
  month for summer air conditioning bills on a
  student budget, I was dialed in on temperature.

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Diurnal temperature range

• Problem Reporting of changes in annual average
  temperature does not adequately describe climate
  change
• Initial analysis of record setting temperatures
  indicates that climate change in the Phoenix area
  is much more dramatic than indicated by the
  reported 1.6 degree change in average temp.

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Hypothesis

• Increased carbon dioxide and urbanization
  decrease daily temperature ranges.

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Year of occurrence for daily record high and low
temp. at Phx WSFO
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Year of occurrence for daily record high and low
temp. at Maricopa
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