Transition to Graduate School

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Transition to Graduate School
Trinity (Washington) University

• Session 2

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Welcome to Trinity!

• Session 2
• Transition to Graduate School

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Topics for Today

• Academic honesty plagiarism
• APA Documentation Style

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What is plagiarism?
Turn to a neighbor and discuss. Try to come up
with a definition.
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Plagiarism is the act of taking someone elses
ideas, words, research, or other intellectual or
artistic work and presenting it as if they were
your own (Trinity, 2005). Trinity University
(2005). Academic honesty, plagiarism, and the
honor system A handbook for students. p. 2.
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Conventions of Academic Writing

• For ANY and EVERY idea that you didnt make up
  yourself you have to give credit to the
  originator of the idea
• There must be an attribution (that is, a
  citation) showing where it came from
• unless it is general knowledge

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Example from a journal article

• The example of academic writing on the next slide
  was found in
• Dix, S. (2006). Ill do it my way Three writers
  and their revision practices. The Reading Teacher
  59, 566-573.

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• The ability to revise is significant because it
  helps the writer reflect and clarify his or her
  thinking with the goal of improving the writing
  (Calkins, 1991 Corden, 2001 Dix, 2003a
  Fitzgerald, 1987, 1988 Graves, 1979, 1983
  Murray, 1978).

These are citations of articles and books that
originated the idea
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Examples of Plagiarism

• Turn to a neighbor and discuss.
• Try to come up with three examples of plagiarism.

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What about these?
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• A student includes part of a book review found at
  Amazon.com in a paper with no attribution

• YES

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In a paper about the moral development of
children,

• A student used the exact words found in a book by
  Robert Coles. There were quotation marks around
  the quote, and the book was listed in the
  reference list.

• YES

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Plagiarism can be

• INADVERTENT
• As well as deliberate

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In a paper about current education initiatives

• A student says that education in the United
  States has historically been a matter of local
  government

• NO

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The fact thatcontrol of education in the U.S. is
local is common knowledge
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How do I know if something is common
knowledge?Especially if I didnt already know it
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Common Knowledge

• You find the same information without
  documentation in 5 sources
• It is information that a reasonably educated
  person will already know
• A person could easily find the information in
  general reference sources
• (Trinity, 2005)

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And

• Standard information such as historical dates
• Folk literature
• Commonsense observations, Ex. siblings will argue
  over little things
• (Fowler, H.R, Aaron, J.E., Limburg, K., 1992)

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In a paper comparing two theories of human
development

• The student cuts and pastes into the paper from
  sources found on the internet --no documentation
  or original writing

• YES

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In a paper about management styles

• A student builds on ideas obtained from
  interviews with principals, but does not
  acknowledge the individuals in the paper.

• YES

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YIPES!

• Thats a lot of ways to
• plagiarize.

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• Ill be fine as long as I change the words of my
  source, right?

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Paraphrasing

• You must
• provide documentation
• for the source
• of all paraphrases

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Paraphrasing

• Must be done correctly
• Just changing a few words
• DOES NOT
• turn a quotation into your own work

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• Examples of acceptable and unacceptable
  paraphrases can be found in the Academic Honesty
  . . . Handbook
• http//www.trinitydc.edu/academics/acadaff/policy.
  php

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If the ideas OR CHOICE OF WORDS did not originate
with you

• You must give credit to the source

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When in doubt . . .

• DOCUMENT

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Academic Honesty is MORE than avoiding
plagiarism
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• Submitting the same paper or project for two
  different classes-- unless you have permission in
  advance from both instructors-- is contrary to
  the culture and ethics of academia.

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When an instructor requests original work, you
cannot use a paper, lesson plan, case study, etc.

• Found on the internet
• Created by a friend or family member
• Provided by your school district
• Found in a book or article

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Original work means just that, it is original,
created by you alone.
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APA Documentation Style
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What is APA?

• A documentation style

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• I wonder what that means.

?
?
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Documentation Styles

• Every profession has a particular way of showing
  where (documenting) ideas come from.

• English, Languages MLA
• (Modern Language Association)
• History, Philosophy Chicago
• (Chicago Manual of Style)
• Education, Psychology
• APA
• (American Psychological Association)

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Why?

• Provides Consistency

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A documentation style has rules for

• Showing the sources of ideas in a paper
• Compiling a reference list
• Capitalization, punctuation, and selected aspects
  of usage

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APA Style is

• Exceptionally comprehensive
• and complex

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. . . but required
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Coming up next

• In-text citations
• Reference list
• Cover Page
• Running Head
• Style issues - just a few

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In-Text Citations
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In-text citations

• In-text citations are what you put into the
  actual text of a paper to document the source of
  your ideas
• You must indicate the source of ideas as well as
  direct quotes and paraphrases
• APA uses an author/date format
• APA does NOT use footnotes for citations

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Study the first complete paragraph on the third
page of the article on year round school, 2nd
sentence
Author
Author of a 2nd article reaching the same
conclusion as Ballinger
date
For example, Ballinger (2000) and Barber (1996)
found that students attendance and academic
achievement at year-round schools improved some
studies suggest that this schedule may especially
benefit at-risk students (Kneese, 1996 Shields
Oberg, 1999).
Semi-colon used to separate citations when more
than one article listed in a parenthesis
Period outside parens
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What information needs to be included?

• The author or authors of your source
• The publication date
• Sometimes the page number

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When do you need a page number?

• ALWAYS when you have a direct quote (that is
  you use the EXACT words of your source)
• Highly recommended when you paraphrase (p. 171)

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You do NOT need a page number

• When you are summarizing the general idea or
  conclusions of a source

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Citation information within the text (your
sentences) should NOT be repeated in the
parenthesis
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Authors name is part of the sentence
Date, but not name, is put in parenthesis
For example, Ballinger (2000) and Barber (1996)
found that students attendance and academic
achievement at year-round schools improved some
studies suggest that this schedule may especially
benefit at-risk students (Kneese, 1996 Shields
Oberg, 1999).
A semi-colon is used to separate more than one
work cited within the same parenthesis.
The names of these authors were NOT included
within the text of the sentence so authors names
and pub dates are put in the parenthetical
citation.
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Example Direct quotation

• In explaining their choice of profession,
  aspiring teachers often mention the long summer
  vacation as a contributing factor, yet at a
  school in Fairfax County, Virginia, teachers
  viewed the year-round schedule as an improvement
  in their working conditions (Haser Nasser,
  2003. p. 67).

Quotation marks for direct quote
Note period comes at the very end.
No punctuation even though theres a period there
in the original sentence.
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Longer quotations

• Direct quotations 40 words or longer are placed
  in block form without quotation marks around the
  words
• See pp. 170-171

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Online Material

• Provide author, date, and page no.
• If there are no page numbers, but paragraph
  numbers, provide the paragraph number in the
  parentheses in place of page number

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Example of in-text citation of online material,
no page number
Author, date

• In reviewing a new book on high-stakes
  testing, Nichols (2009) states that the authors
  primary argument is that the practice of
  high-stakes testing presents an inherent paradox
  (para. 2).

Period at end of everything
Location in source
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More on on-line material

• If there are no paragraph numbers, but section
  headings, provide the section heading and the
  number of the paragraph following the heading.
• Shorten long heading titles and enclose short
  title in quotation marks.
• See pp. 171-172

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By now you must be wondering

• When do I use single vs. double quotation marks?
• Where do I put periods and commas?
• What do I do if there is a misspelled word in the
  source I am quoting?
• Where does the parenthetical citation go within a
  sentence or paragraph?
• What do I do if I use a quote but want to leave
  out a few words that wont change the meaning?

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For the answer to those and other fascinating
questions

• READ THE BOOK!
• (pp. 171-173)
• All you need to know about in-text citations can
  be found on pp. 169-173.

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• If your source contains a direct quote from
  another source that you want to use, you must
  indicate the original source of the quote in your
  writing, and also state the source you found it
  in. Do not omit in-text citations from material
  you are quoting.
• BUT only sources you have read yourself go into
  your reference list.
• See example 6.09 on p. 173.

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How many authors belong in a a citation?

• Discuss with a neighbor

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It all depends on

• How many people wrote the source being cited
• AND
• Whether it is the first or subsequent mention of
  that source

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The first mention

• ALL authors last names
• UNLESS
• There are 6 or more authors

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If there are 6 or more authors,

• Use first authors name followed by et al. every
  time
• Like this
• (Smith, et al.)

comma
Note A period follows the al, but NOT the et
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For a work with just 1 author

• Use the authors last name every time
• Like this
• (Jones, 2006)

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For a work with 2 authors

• Use both last names every time
• Use the word and in the text
• Use an ampersand () in parentheses

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Two authors
The word and

• Hans and Blitz (2004) demonstrated that a
  border collie can understand at least 200 words.
• OR
• The German dog can understand at least 200
  words (Hans Blitz, 2004).

ampersand
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3-5 Authors

• First Mention Use all of the last names
• Subsequent mentions Use the first author only
  followed by et al.
• Exception If more than one citation shortens to
  the same last name, include as many of the
  authors as necessary to distinguish the sources.

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With 3 or more authors

• Place a comma before the and
• Example
• Greer, Riccio, and Brereton (2006)
• Dorr, Greer, Riccio, and Williams (2005)

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Review Talk to your neighbor and come up with 3
things to remember about

• In-text citations

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Your List of References
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In APA style the list of references is titled
References NOT Bibliography or Works Cited.
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References
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The List of References

• MUST match up exactly with sources mentioned in
  the text of a paper
• In other words, EVERY source mentioned in the
  paper must have an entry in the reference list
• BUT nothing should be put in the reference list
  that was NOT mentioned in the text of the paper

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In addition, sometimes a work is mentioned in one
of the sources you read,
BUT

• If you did not read the source yourself, DO NOT
  include that source in your reference list!

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So, what do I do if I want to use the same quote
I find quoted in an article?
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• You can track down the original source and read
  it yourself
• Then you are entitled to list it in your
  reference list
• Otherwise, list the secondary source in the
  reference list and include reference to the
  original source in your in-text citation in the
  body of the paper following example 6.17 on p. 178

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Study the example in the next slide

• Do you see anything that perplexes you?
• Do you see anything that looks different from
  what you have done in other reference lists or
  bibliographies?
• Talk to a neighbor. Point out important features
  to each other.

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Reference list example

• References
• Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The
  schools we need. The Reading Teacher, 48, 1429.
• Allington, R.L. (2004, October). What really
  matters for struggling readers. Keynote paper for
  the Lower Mainland Council of the International
  Reading Association Conference, Vancouver, BC,
  Canada.
• Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., Fielding, L.
  (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend
  their time outside of school. Reading Research
  Quarterly, 23, 285303. doi10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2

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Capitalization

• Did you notice that most of the words in the book
  and article titles were NOT capitalized?
• The titles of the periodicals and the books are
  capitalized, but not the article titles.

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• Can you find the word volume or the abbrev vol.
  or the word page or the abbreviation pp. in
  journal references?

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Reference list example

• References
• Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The
  schools we need. The Reading Teacher, 48, 1429.
• Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., Fielding, L.
  (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend
  their time outside of school. Reading Research
  Quarterly, 23, 285303. doi10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2
• Applebee, A.N., Langer, J.A., Mullis, I.V.S.
  (1988). Who reads best? Factors related to
  reading achievement in grades 3, 7, and 11.
  Princeton, NJ Educational Testing Service.

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Features of APA references

• In APA reference lists, journal citations do NOT
  use the abbrev. vol. at all
• The periodical title and the volume number are
  italicized, but the page numbers are not.
• An issue number is ONLY used if pagination begins
  with one for each issue. (see p. 186 p.198)

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More features

• For periodicals use month or season of
  publication ONLY if there is no volume number.

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Reference list example
References
Volume Number
Page numbers

• Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The
  schools we need. The Reading Teacher, 48, 1429.
• Allington, R.L. (2004, October). What really
  matters for struggling readers. Keynote paper for
  the Lower Mainland Council of the International
  Reading Association Conference, Vancouver, BC,
  Canada.
• Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., Fielding, L.
  (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend
  their time outside of school. Reading Research
  Quarterly, 23, 285303. doi10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2
• Applebee, A.N., Langer, J.A., Mullis, I.V.S.
  (1988). Who reads best? Factors related to
  reading achievement in grades 3, 7, and 11.
  Princeton, NJ Educational Testing Service.

Journal title
digital object identifier
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On-line materialsGeneral Principles See pp.
191-192

• All of the forms are because . . .
• The reader of your paper needs to be able to
  locate the material

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General PrinciplesDOI- Digital Object Identifier

• Always include this number when provided even if
  you read a hard copy
• Copy and paste if possible to avoid mistakes
• Learn ALL about DOIs on pp. 188-191

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More on on-line sources

• If there is no DOI provide a URL
• Dont add a period at the end of the URL
• Check URLs just prior to submission to ensure
  they are still accurate
• Do NOT include retrieval dates unless the
  material is likely to change over time

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Even more on on-line materials

• Reference form for many types of electronic
  materials begin with Retrieved from
• Determine the type of source and follow examples
  in the APA Manual- Ch. 7
• Section 7.11, pp. 214-215 for discussion groups,
  blog posts and the like

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Journal article without a DOI

• If you read a hard copy, everything stays the
  same except there is no DOI number at the end of
  the reference entry.
• If you retrieved from the internet, provide a
  retrieval statement that includes the URL.

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Example- Journal reference, no DOI

• Bustle, L.S. (2004, February). The role of
  visual representation in the assessment of
  learning Media Literacy department. Journal
  of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 47(5).
  Available http//www.readingonline.org/newlite
  racies/lit_index.asp?HREF/newliteracies/jaal/2-
  04_column/index.html

The indentation ought to be uniform. Ppt issue.
No period
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Look at the pp. abbreviations on following slide

• Discuss with neighbors when/where it is used

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• Brozo, W.G. (2000). Hiding out in secondary
  classrooms Coping strategies. In D.W. Moore,
  D.E. Alvermann, K.A. Hinchman (Eds.),
  Struggling adolescent readers A collection of
  teaching strategies (pp. 5156). Newark, DE
  International Reading Association.
• Elkins, J., Luke, A. (1999). Redefining
  adolescent literacies. Journal of Adolescent
  Adult Literacy, 43, 212215.

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How do I know what form to use?

• Determine the type of work you are citing
• Find the example in the list on pp.193-198 (The
  numerals following the type of work refer to the
  number of the example, not a page)
• Follow the format provided in the example and
• READ EVERY WORD OF THE EXPLANATION (Probably
  several times)

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Most common types of works used in student papers

• Periodical article
• Book
• Book chapter or section
• Article in an edited book

• SO-O-O-O- Mark those pages and get familiar with
  the formats

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Common error with electronic sources

• Many students mistake the database through which
  they found an article for the source
• Proquest, PsychInfo, ERIC, Questia, etc. are NOT
  the sources. They are not periodicals or books.
  They are merely a service providing you access to
  an article, abstract, or whatever.

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Typing instructions

• Double-space (2.11, p. 37)
• Hanging indent
• Alphabetize by last name of first author
• Multiple sources by the same author appear in
  chronological order
• Extensive instructions on order, p. 181
• Located after the text of the paper appendices
  follow references
• Starts on a clean sheet of paper
• Heading of References (centered)

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Details to Notice

• Capitalization
• Parentheses
• Periods
• Italics
• Spacing
• Commas

APA is picky
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ReviewTalk to your neighbor and come up with 5
things to remember about

• APA reference lists

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Websites for assistance

• http//apastyle.apa.org/
• http//flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
  
• http//www.umuc.edu/library/tutorials/citation/htm
  l/

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APA documentation style is VERY COMPLEX

• Theres WAY too much to remember

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Use the book!!!
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Cover Page

• According to the Trinity Academic Success and
  Writing Guide

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Cover Page
Example

• Title of paper (assignment)
• Your name
• Course name and number
• Instructors name
• Date submitted

• Running Head SHORT TITLE
• Article Review 1
• Pat McGuire
• EDCC 580
• Dr. Elmore Leonard
• October 16, 2006

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Running Head
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Whats all this about running heads?
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Dont worry, theyre not very fast.
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APA Running Heads, p. 229

• A running head is just a short title
• 50 characters or less including spaces and
  punctuation
• Use a running head if requested by your
  instructor
• For a short assignment it may not be needed
• If using a running head, use the header function
  of your word processing program to make it appear
  on every page.

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Running Head Location

• At the top of the title page
• Flush left
• ALL CAPS

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Style Issues
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A few pointers

• Avoid colloquial usage in academic writing
• Only one space after a period
• Know when to write out the word for a numeral and
  when to use the numeral, i.e., one vs. 1 thirty
  vs. 30. See pp. 111-112
• Always use a comma prior to the and in a series

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And more tips

• Hyphens
• In APA style hyphens are NOT used in many
  instances where we are used to using them
• Pages 97-100
• Guidelines on unbiased language,
• pp. 71-77

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Avoid common confusions

• An activity that took place in the past is
  something you used to do NOT use to do
• Could have NOT could of
• Pique her interest Mountain peak
• Affect vs. effect
• www.confusingwords.com

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• When speaking of ages
• A seven-year-old or the three-year-olds (note
  hyphens) but He is seven years old.
• Do NOT use they or their (plural) in place of
  he/she or his/her (singular).
• Each teacher finished his or her lesson plan.
• The teachers finished their lesson plans.

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Many good tips on writing

• Chapter 3, Writing Clearly and Concisely
• READ IT!!!

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Thank you for coming