Earthquake Recovery and Activities of the Machizukuri Organization in Kobe

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Earthquake Recovery and Activities of the
Machizukuri Organization in Kobe

• Kazuyoshi Ohnishi, Kobe Univ

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The Osaka Metropolitan Area
Kyoto
Kobe
Osaka
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Same Scale Map of Istanbul Kobe
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Zone with Seismic Intensity of 7
HYOGO
OSAKA
This map shows zone distribution with Seismic
Intensity Scale of 7 by red color and black dots
mean significantly damaged areas with big fire or
high collapsed ratio. The inner city of Kobe
had seriously damaged.
Kobe City
The epicenter
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Recovery Process
Damage (observation) 1995
1995
1996
1997
Recovery (census) 2000
1998
1999
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Existence of recovery speed

• Factors of recovery delay in west side
• 1) Damage level
• The big seismic fire occurred in west side
• 2) Mixed land use speed
• Exclusive residential zones spread in east side
• Residential , commercial and industrial functions
  were comprehensively damaged in west side
• 3) Economical power
• Low income people lived in west side
• Status in Housing market is lower than east side

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Key Revival Project Distribution Map
Kobe Hanshin Area
Awaji Area
Action area
Program area
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Three basic principles in projects offered by
local government

• Community agreement for those developments
  (Machizukuri) is the first consideration, and
  development of public facilities comes second.
• Basic manners in restoration should be shared,
  and individual plan should be developed in each
  district to meet their demands.
• The restoration aims to develop the urban area to
  be tough against the disaster together with the
  fine built environment.

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Machizukuri Organization

• Machizukuri organization is based on the
  Machizukuri ordinance of Kobe 1981
• Through the experience of restoration process,
  they faced the difficulty to coordinate the local
  opinions among themselves to draft the future of
  community development
• Financed by the local government grant for board
  management such as publishing community
  newsletters, and professional support system is
  also provided
• Organized mainly by residents, properly owners
  and business owners
• Not the corporation, but sometimes work as the
  management corporation

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Machizukuri Organization

• To activate those principles and to get community
  agreement under Machizukuri activities, Kobe city
  encouraged to establish the Machizukuri
  organization mainly in project areas and in other
  damaged areas.
• Machizukuri Organization is composed of
  residents, shop owners, landlords, land owners,
  private agenc, and others who are engaged in the
  restoration living outside the area.
• The area of Machizukuri organization is basically
  designated under existing neighborhood residents
  committee area, which is called Jichi-kai or
  Chonai-lkai. The neighborhood residents
  committee is engaged in daily management in
  community.

Takatori Area, Nagata Ward, Kobe
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Three principles in the land readjustment project

• The average ratio of land contribution to the
  public facilities is to be limited under 10
• To reduce the burden of suffers as much
  as possible
• To make the sharp cut in the ratio for small
  housing site
• The re-plotting is to be arranged to promote
  joint rebuilding and fireproof construction
• To give priority to restoration of
  buildings, especially of housings
• To make effort to generate new local
  townscape
• The most prior issue is to cope with the
  residents
• To provide public housing for those who
  have extremely small ho1using sites and for
  seniors who rent the old wooden apartment house
• To arrange the housing for those who move
  out from the project area

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Roles of Machizukuri organization for restoration

• It played important roles in many aspects of
  restoration. (Machizukuri newsletter
  publication etc.)
• Actions have been taken for the join Rebuilding
  and for seniors co-housing which is called
  collective housing.
• Many Machizukuri Organizations which have worked
  since before the Kobe Earthquake 1995 took
  actions earlier toward the restoration with
  community agreements.
• The earlier successes of the Kobe style
  Machizukuri were serving as models of democratic
  community development lessons for .

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Project Areas in Kobe after EQ.
Land Readjustment Zone

• Redevelopment Zone

Programmed Zone
Planning Areas
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Designated for Machizukuri Areas
In Kobe City, there are already 28 Organizations
before the Earthquake, and 70 Organizations were
set up after the Earthquake in order to engage in
Action areas. Together. The total stands at 98.
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Machizukuri Organized Areas
Before EQ.
After EQ.
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Establishment of Machizukuri Organization

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• A community can establish its Machizukuri
  organization when community Machizukuri effort is
  to be undertaken. The Number of Machizukuri
  Organizations Before and After the Earthquake are
  shown as of June 1998.

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Issues of Machizukuri Organizations

• In a case like the Machizukuri Agreement, as it
  is an agreement that restricts the entire area,
  the requirement is for such an agreement of
  everybody to be obtained. However, in order to
  expand the Organizations activities and to
  address the necessary issues and to meet the
  needs of the community, it is essential to enter
  into autonomous management, which in turn raises
  several problems.
• ? A representative system must be established and
  a quorum has to be set and methods for managing a
  general assembly for decision-making must be
  adopted.
• ? The executive arm must be vested with authority
  and its responsibilities clearly determined.
• ? As contracts become necessary to undertake
  projects, the organization must be legally
  incorporated.

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Present Activities of Machizukuri Organization

• Rule, Regulation Standard under agreement
• (Construction Agreement, Machizukuri
  Agreement, District Planning)
• Physical Planning Project(Monozukuri)
• (Facility construction, Land Adjustment,
  Urban Redevelopment)
• Social Education Program (Hitozukuri)
• (Volunteers, Management)

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Future prospect of Machizukuri Organization

• Incorporated community
• autonomous association
• Profit-making company
• CDC
• NPO (Non-profit organization)
• Community Business

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Management and Independence

• 1) Role of the local organization
• Machizukuri organization copes with the
  comprehensive issues in community
• 2)Network of local organizations
• Partnership / Machizukuri organization
• Pprofessionals
• Local government
• Network of supporters
• Network of Machizukuri organizations

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Machizukuri Organization of Kobe
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Finance of the local management

• Various means of financing
• Government grant (CDBG type)
• Assessments
• Private fund (tax credit, intermediary,
  foundation)
• Loan for the community development