Chapter 4: The Structure of Matter

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Chapter 4 The Structure of Matter

• Section 4 Organic and Biochemical Compounds

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Key Terms

• organic compound carbon containing covalent
  compound
• hydrocarbon compound made of C H, e.g.,
  alkane (single bonds only), alkene (at least 1
  double bond) alynes (1 triple bond)

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Key Terms 2

• polymer large organic molecule made of many
  smaller bonded units, monomers
• DNA C, H, O, N P containing biochemical that
  determines genetic makeup
• double helix - twisted ladder shape of DNA

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Key Terms 3

• carbohydrate OC made of C, H O it provides
  nutrients to live cells.
• glucose simplest carb that is stored as
  glycogen if not used right away
• amino acids 20 naturally occurring organic
  molecules that combine to make proteins

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Key Terms 4

• protein biological polymer made of bonded amino
  acids, e.g., insulin which controls use storage
  of glucose in the body

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Things To Know/Answer

• How do carbon atoms bond covalently to form OCs?
• What are the names and structures of groups of
  simple organic com-pounds polymers?
• Polymers essential for life are made of what?

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Organic Compounds

• Made of molecules with C always, usually H and
  often O, N, S P
• C9H8O4 (aspirin), C6H14O6 (sorbitol) C14H18N205
  (aspartame) are examples.
• C atoms form 4 bonds make hydrocarbons if only
  bonded to H.

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Organic Compounds 2

• methane (CH4) - simplest hydro-carbon
• Alkanes have single covalent bonds.
• They get called normal if 3 or more are bonded in
  a straight line.
• Memorize Table 4-9 on page 131.

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Organic Compounds 3

• condensed structural formula show with formulas
  only how atoms bond like CH3(CH2)6CH3
• Alkane chemical formulas CnH2n2 except for
  cyclic ones.
• Study Figure 4-26 on page 131.

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Organic Compounds 4

• To name hydrocarbons find the longest line of Cs
  for root name where ending -ane, -ene or yne
  for alkanes, alkenes or alkynes.
• The prefix matches the of Cs in the line with
  numbers inserted to tell where branches are.

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Organic Compounds 5

• Study Figure 4-26 on page 131.
• Alkenes have double H2CCH2 bonds the simplest
  is ethene.
• Alcohols have OH or hydroxyl groups, and there
  names end in ol.
• The simplest is ethanol, CH3CH2OH.

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Organic Compounds 6

• Alcohol molecules behave like H2O via -OH to -OH
  attraction.
• For this reason, alcohols tend to be liquids at
  room temperature and to have higher boiling
  points than similarly sized OCs.

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Polymers

• DNA, rubber, wood and plastic are examples of
  polymers b/c they all are made of large noodle
  like molecules with repeating subunits called
  monomers.
• Some are natural others are synthetic, man-made.
  Heat chars the first kind but melts the second.

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Polymers 2

• Polymer structure determines elasticity, ability
  to change shape but reform. Cross links between
  monomers give this trait.
• polymer memory returning to original shape
  after stretching

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Biochemical Compounds

• These occur naturally and are very important to
  living things.
• Carbohydrates give creatures energy, but proteins
  form tissues unlike DNA, which is genetic
  information about what proteins are necessary.

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Biochemical Compounds 2

• Many carbs are made of glucose bonded together to
  form starch which plants use to store energy.
• Enzymes are special proteins that break down
  starch among other compounds.

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Biochemical Compounds 3

• Proteins get digested into amino acids, which
  bodies reassemble into different proteins that
  they need.
• DNA is de oxy ri bo nu cle ic acid.
• Its chains of paired bases are cytosine (C)
  always with guanine (G) adenine (A) with
  thymine (T).
• Cellular copies of genetic materials are in
  chromosomes of DNA.

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Biochemical Compounds 4

• Copying of DNA happens after protein helicases
  unwind the pairs.
• Next, protein polymerases attach new bases or
  monomers to exposed ones on open sides of the
  unpaired strands.
• Last, 2 identical strands of DNA remain.

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Biochemical Compounds 5

• DNA structure twisted ladder, double helix.
  See Figure 4-32 on page 136.
• Sides of ladder alternating sugar molecules and
  phosphate units.
• Steps paired bases where each extends from a
  supporting sugar.