Biodiesel: A Potential Tool for Climate Change Mitigation

1
Biodiesel A Potential Tool for Climate Change
Mitigation

• S. P. Raghuvanshi
• M. Tech, Ph.D. (IITD)
• Senior Lecturer Co-ordinator
• Dept of Health Safety Environment
• University of Petroleum Energy Studies
• Dehradun, India

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Introduction

• Combustion of fossil fuels emits mainly CO2, SOx,
  NOx,
• CFCs, flyash and SPM.
• CO2, NOx and CFCs are Green house Gases (GHGs).
• CO2 produced in combustion is perhaps not
  strictly a pollutant (being a natural product of
  all combustion), its nonetheless is of great
  concern in view of its impact on global warming.

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Increase in Carbon Dioxide

• Average concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
  358 ppm by volume (ppmv), as compared to the
  pre-industrial level of 280ppmv.
• Scientists project that excessive CO2 emissions
  into atmosphere will increase the earths surface
  temperature approx. 1.5-4C in next 30-40 years.
• In most developing countries CO2 emission are
  between 0.3 to 0.6 tons carbon per capita per
  year.

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Atmospheric CO2 reduction techniques

• Reduction in the fossil fuels consumption for
  energy and other applications
• Increasing efficiency of energy conversion and
  utilization.
• Switching to lower carbon contents fuels for
  instance natural gas, fuel cell etc
• Using renewable /nuclear energy sources (i.e.,
  energy sources low at CO2)
• Capture and store CO2 from fossil fuels
  combustion.
• Enhance CO2 sinks e.g. forests, soils and oceans.

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Oily Seeds from Jatropha/Pongamia

• Lets us consider that approx
• 1 litre of biomass oil 10 methanol are needed
  
• 1 litre of Biodiesel
• 350g of Glycerol
• (The biofuel production from crop is high)
• However Oil yields per hectare greatly vary as
  illustrated in Table 1

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Table 1Seeds, Oil yield and equivalent Biodiesel
per ha
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Advantages of Jatropha Pongamia

• Jatropha and Pongamia have high cetane no. thus
  lower emissions.
• These oil rich plants are interesting as they
  donot compete with food crops
• Per tonne of Biodiesel used the potential
  reduction of CO2 is estimated to be between 2.5
  tonnes (USA) to 3.0 tonnes of CO2 per tonne per
  tonne used depending on soya and Jatropha
• Plant selection and the improvements of
  agricultural practice may improve the
  productivity per hectare.
• Glycerol is an unavoidable co-product of
  bio-diesel. Enhanced production of Bio-diesel
  would certainly flood markets, this would also
  reduce the cost of Bio-diesel by 0.05-0.1US of
  Bio-diesel.
• For 10 mill tonnes Biodiesel production by 2012,
  potential reduction of CO2 of about 251,000
  tonnes, Earning potential for India by the year
  2012 in carbon trading (CERs) _at_ 5/T US 125
  million ( Rs 565 Cr.)

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Advantages of Jatropha Pongamia

• Blending of 5 - 20 biodiesel with transportation
  fuels have also been suggested and policy making
  is under process.
• B100 (100 percent biodiesel) has been designated
  as an alternative fuel by the U.S. Department of
  Energy and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
  
• Moreover, in December 2001, the American Society
  of Testing and Materials (ASTM) approved a
  specification (D6751) for biodiesel fuel.

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Advantages for Environment

• Biodiesel contains no/less sulfur or
  aromatics, and use of biodiesel in a
  conventional diesel engine results in substantial
  reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
  monoxide and particulate matter.
• A U.S. DOE study showed that the production and
  use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel,
  resulted in a 78.5 reduction in carbon dioxide
  emissions.

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Biodiesel with ve energy

• Moreover, biodiesel has a positive energy
  balance.
• For every unit of energy needed to produce a
  gallon of biodiesel, 3.24 units of energy are
  gained.
• ltas suggested by National Biodiesel Board, USgt

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Disadvantage

• Oil crops and energy plantation are
• Primarily large scales, commercial monoculture,
  they offer considerable economic benefits,
  their development present the risk of resulting
  in total clearing of natural vegetation.
• In industrial plantation the use of pesticides
  and herbicides may have additional significant
  impacts on biodiversity in bio-diverse country
  like India

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RD on Biodiesel at UPES

• University of Petroleum Energy Studies (UPES),
  India is one of its kind i.e., domain specific
  University in Pan-Asian Region, providing
  education and platform for research on petroleum
  and Energy Studies.

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World Oil Demand (2002-2030)
OECD
Non - OECD
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Incremental CO2 Emission in Transport Sector
(2002-2030)
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Biofuels Use for Blending in gasoline

• Consider blending
• Cities Estimated Gasoline
  Biofuel required
• consumption (03-04) 5 10
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ---------
• Delhi 750 37.5 75.o
• Kolkatta 200 10 20.0
• Mumbai 180 9.0 18.0
• Bangalore 220 11.0 22.0
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ---------
• 1350 67.5
  135.0
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----------
• All the above data are in MLtrs

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Biofuels Use for Blending in Diesel

• Consider blending
• Cities Estimated Diesel
  Biofuel required
• consumption (03-04) 5 10
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----------
• Delhi 500 25.0 50.o
• Kolkatta 150 7.5 15.0
• Mumbai 350 17.5 35.0
• Bangalore 200 10.0 20.0
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----------
• 1200 60.0
  120.0
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----------
• All the above data are in MLtrs

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CO2 Emissions

• Carbon dioxide emissions reductions can be
  obtained using following expression
• QCO2 C ? ?
• where
• QCO2 Amount of carbon dioxide emitted Mt
• C Carbon fraction of the fuel
• ? amount of fuel consumed in the particular
  year, MT (per annum)
• ? Combustion efficiency of the fuel device
• Ref Raghuvanshi et al, 43, Energy Conversion
  Management 2006

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Analysis of CO2DB Model
CO2 Emissions and Savings from 10 Biodiesel
Vehicles Inputs Fuel quantity (in any
particular Year/time) Carbon content of the
fuel Fuel to energy Conversion efficiency
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Change in Emissions due to Biodiesel use

• (Emissions)with Biodiesel -
  (Emissions)without biodiesel
• Change -----------------------------------
  --------------------------------- x 100
• in Emissions Emissions without
  Biodiesel
• Units (g/mile or g/bhp-hr)

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Conclusion

• Like National Biodiesel Accreditation Commission
  (NBAC) that audit fuel producers and marketers in
  order to enforce fuel quality standards in the US
  is issuing a Certified Biodiesel Marketer as a
  seal of approval for biodiesel marketers that
  have met all requirements of fuel accreditation
  audits.
• Government should propose and approve the markets
  jatropha Seed market etc. This would provide a
  feel of security to farmers regarding their seed
  and plantation on which they invest more than
  what really they achieve finally.

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Conclusions

• Blending should be made compulsory at storage
  level / distribution depot.
• Blending can save vast amount of our natural
  fossil energy sources, that can be used
  variously.
• Awareness campaigns (PCRA etc), workshops should
  be organised for environment safety and top
  personnels from Oil companies, TPPS,, common
  people, truck and buses owners and drivers,.

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Thank You