Thinking

1
Thinking Intelligence

• Chapter 8

2
How Does the Mind Present Information

• Cognition
• Mental activity, e.g.,

3
How Does the Mind Present Information

• Mental representations
• Analogical
• In some physical aspects are similar (or
  analogous) to actual object
• E.g.
• Symbolic
• Do not look like to the actual object
• E.g.,

4
Concept

• Definition Mental categories that are used to
  group objects, events, and characteristics
• Can be mental representation of
• Categories, E.g.,
• Relations, e.g.
• Qualities, e.g.
• Dimensions, e.g.

5
Function of Concept

• Allow us to generalize
• A more efficient memory
• Allow us to associate experiences objects
• Provide cues on how to react to particular object
  or experience

6
Concept Formation

• Defining attribute model
• Concepts are formed by a list of features that
  determine if an object is member of a category
• Prototype model
• An item reflects a concept if it can be compared
  with the most typical item/s of that concept

7

• Decision-Making
• Problem Solving

8
Reasoning

• Definition
• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning

9
Reasoning

• Deductive reasoning
• General initial premises/assumptions? Specific
  conclusion
• E.g.,

10
Reasoning

• Inductive reasoning
• Specific instances? General rules and conclusions
• E.g.,

11
Decision Making

• Definition Using the available information,
  Choosing among options, and putting one option
  into practice
• Is affected by
• Heuristics Mental shortcuts or rule of thumb we
  use to make decisions
• Biases

12
Decision MakingHeuristics

• Availability Heuristic
• Definition
• Making a decision based on the most available
  answer
• E.g.,

13
Decision MakingHeuristics

• Representativeness Heuristic
• Definition
• Making a decision based on how well something
  matches a prototype
• E.g.,

14
Decision MakingHeuristics

• Affective Heuristics
• Definition Making decisions based on the
  affective consequences of that
• People are not good at affective forecasting
• E.g.,
• E.g.,

15
Decision MakingBiases

• Confirmation Bias
• Definition
• A tendency to search for and believe evidence
  that fits our existing views
• E.g.

16
Decision MakingBiases

• Framing Bias
• Definition
• The way information is presented can alter how
  people perceive it
• Framing a decision to emphasize the losses or
  gains ? Influencing the decision
• E.g.,

17
Problem Solving

• An attempt to find an appropriate way of
  attaining a goal, which is not readily available

18
How to Solve Problems

• Organizing subgoals
• E.g.,
• Sudden insight
• Kohlers chimpanzee
• Rethink restructure the representation of a
  problem

19
Nine-Dot Problem
Without lifting a pencil, connect the dots using
only four straight lines.
20
Obstacles to Solving Problems

• Mental Set
• Functional fixedness

21
Maier String Problem
How can you tie the two strings together if you
cannot reach them both at the same time?
22
Answer to The Maier String Problem
Use the pliers as a weight to create a pendulum
motion
23

• Intelligence

24
What Is Intelligence

• Intelligence is the ability to
• Use knowledge
• Solve problems
• Learn quickly

25
Assessment of Intelligence

• Aptitude test measures
• An individual's ability to learn
• Achievement test measures
• What a person has learned

26
Early Assessment of Intelligence

• Francis Galton
• The key factors
• Simple sensory, perceptual, and motor processes
• Speed of neural responses

27
Assessment of Intelligence Alfred Binet Tests

• Developed the concept of Mental Age (MA)
• MA
• CA

28
William Stern Test

• Devised the term Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• MA Mental Age
• CA Chronological Age

29
Stanford-Binet IQ Scores
30
Criteria of a Good Test

• Validity
• Reliability

31
Cultural Bias in Testing

• Cultural-fair tests contain

32
Theories of Multiple Intelligences

• Humans can show different skills in a variety of
  different domains
• Spearman
• Cattell
• Gardner
• Sternberg
• Goldman

33
Spearmans Two-factor Theory

• General intelligence
• A number of specific abilities

s
g
s
s
s
s
s
34
Cattells Theory

• g is made up of two different types of
  intelligence
• Fluid intelligence
• Information processing in novel or complex
  situations
• Crystallized intelligence
• Knowledge we acquire through experience (e.g.,
  vocabulary)

35
Gardners Theory

• Eight types of intelligence/skills that are
  independent from one another
• Verbal (e.g.,-----)
• Mathematical (e.g., ?)
• Spatial (e.g., ?)
• Bodily-kinesthetic (e.g.,---------)
• Musical (e.g., ?)
• Interpersonal (e.g., ---------)
• Intrapersonal (e.g., ----------)
• Naturalist (e.g., -----------------)

36
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

• Analytical intelligence
• Being good at
• Creative intelligence
• Practical intelligence

37
GoldmansTheory of Emotional Intelligence

• Developing emotional awareness
• Managing emotions
• Reading emotions
• Handling relationships

38
Raven Progressive Matrices Test
Complete this matrix by selecting the appropriate
missing symbol from the group of symbols
39
Raven Progressive Matrices Test
40
Neuroscience Intelligence

• Head and/or brain size
• Information-processing speed
• Energy consumption in the brain

41
Neuroscience Intelligence Head and/or Brain
Size

• MRI
• A small correlation

42
Neuroscience IntelligenceInformation-Processing
Speed

• Reaction time
• E. g.
• Correlated with intelligence

43
Neuroscience IntelligenceEnergy Consumption in
the Brain

• People with higher IQ
• In an assigned cognitive task ? --------- glucose
  
• At rest ? ------ glucose

44
Genetic Influenceson Intelligence

• Research on
• Identical twins
• Adoption

45
Environmental Influences

• Heredity does not determine IQ to the extent
  claimed
• Stimulating environment can enhance the IQ

46
Environmental Influences

• Does Enriched environment guarantee success?
• Why?
• Poor and disadvantaged children may be very
  successful.
• Why?

47
Genetic or Environment?

• Genetics Environment
• Are
• Interactive
• Multiplicative
• Are not
• Nature-nurture (either/or)
• Additive