Musculoskeletal Problems

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Musculoskeletal Problems

• P.T. Redig

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Topics and Objectives

• Acquaint students with the range of traumatic,
  metabolic, nutritional and infectious disease of
  the avian musculoskeletal system

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Examples of Problems

• Fractures
• Luxations
• Disarticulations
• Osteomyelitis
• Lead Poisoning
• Cholinesterase Inhibitor Poisoning
• Selenium Toxicity
• Ionophore Toxicity

• Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
• Perosis
• Petrosis
• Leukosis
• Mareks Disease
• Newcastle Disease
• Botulism/Tetanus
• Other Toxicities

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Traumatic Injuries and Fractures

• Axial Skeleton
• Vertebral Column
• Shoulder Girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Limb
• Pelvic Limb

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Skull InjuriesCraniofacial Joint Luxation
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Craniofacial Hinge Luxation
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Beak Deformities
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Vertebral Column

• Crushed vertebrae
• Osteomyelitis
• Scoliosis - congenital, idiopathic

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Crushed Vertebrae
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Crushed Vertebrae
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Osteomyelitis
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Scoliosis
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Fractures and Luxations of the Shoulder Girdle
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Fractures and Luxations of the Shoulder Girdle
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Shoulder Separations
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Other Shoulder Girdle Injuries

• Furcula Fractures
• Scapular Fractures and Luxations

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Pelvic Injuries
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Ileal Fracture
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Hip Luxations
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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Limb
• Humerus
• Radius/Ulna
• Metacarpus
• Pelvic Limb
• Femur
• Tibiotarsus
• Metatarsus

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Humeral Fractures
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Method of Humeral Fixation IM-ESF Tie-In
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Elbow Injuries
Fracture
Caudal-Dorsal Luxation
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Elbow Repair
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Forearm Fractures
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(No Transcript)
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Complications of Forearm Fx
Synostosis
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Carpal and Metacarpal
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Femur

• Hybrid falcon
• Tie-in Fixator

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Tibiotarsus
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African Grey with Tie-in Fixator on Tibiotarsus
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Digits Tendon Rupture
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Lead Poisoning

• Mallard ducks -- drooped wing syndrome, also g.I.
  stasis
• Raptors -- hock sitting,
• Respiratory signs
• Anemia

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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
CaP imbalance in all meat diet
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Ionophore Toxicity

• Monensin Toxicity
• Coccidiostat (used as a growth promoter in cattle
  and sheep)
• Feed contamination problem
• Signs muscle necrosis, lameness, weakness

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Paramyxovirus

• PMV1-6
• VVND - Newcastle disease in Chickens PMV-1
• Pigeon paramyxovirus -PMV-1 - different strain
  pathogenic for pigeons
• Signs GIT, Respiratory, Neurological

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Mareks Disease

• Herpes virus
• Lymphoproliferative disease
• Affects nervous system leading to paresis
• Characteristic presentation when both sciatic
  nerves are involved

Note one leg forward one leg back
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Mareks Disease

• Herpes virus
• Associated with leukosis group of neoplastic
  diseases
• May cause neoplastic lymphoid infiltrates in many
  tissues
• Vaccine available

Brachial Plexus Enlargement
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Osteomalacia

• Etiology calcium depletion in long-laying hens
• Signs gradual softening of bones leading to
  green stick fractures of the long bones and
  bending of other major bone structures as in the
  case of the sternum

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Perosis Slipped Tendon

• Typically a disease of young rapidly growing
  poults
• Presents as a unilateral or bilateral lameness
  with swelling over the hock joints
• Improper formation of intercondylar groove at
  distal end of tibiotarsus allows gastrocnemius
  tendon to slip to the side.

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Osteopetrosis

• Apparently caused by tumor-inducing viruses in
  the Lymphoid leukosis group
• Most commonly cause -- soft tissue tumors e.g.
  fibromas
• Retrovirus induced
• Bone tumors osteopetrosis or hypertrophic
  osteopathy

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Osteopetrosis Vs. Leukosis
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Lymphoid Leukosis Occurrence

• Poultry breeders and layers
• Sulphur-crested cockatoo
• Pacific Parrotlet
• Gruiformes
• Columbiformes
• Sphenisciformes
• Passeriformes

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Botulism (Limberneck)

• Primarily a Waterfowl Problem
• Seen in late summer, dry conditions - death by
  drowning
• Clostridial organisms proliferate in anaerobic
  pond environment
• After initial deaths, problem is magnified in a
  flock through ingestion of maggots infesting dead
  carcasses -- concentrate toxin
• Other Clostridia C. perfringens

Prolapsing of lower eyelid is pathognomonic for
botulism
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Tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium avium
• Typically a disease of the GIT and liver
• May cause lesions in the long bones leading to
  fractures and lameness

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Tetanus

• Reported as infrequent or not occurring in birds
• This case involved an adult female peregrine
  falcon that was footed by its mate in the middle
  of the back
• Onset of signs included mild ataxia that
  progressed to tetany in 24 hours

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Interdigital Web Squamous Carcinoma

• Flamingo
• 30y
• Treated with cobalt irradiation -- no permanent
  effect
• Surgically removed - no remission

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Bumblefoot

• Degenerative inflammatory condition of the
  plantar surface of the foot
• Caused by
• ischemic necrosis
• puncture wound
• Infection with Staph or E. coli, occasionally
  other organisms