Genital Herpes Simplex

1
Genital Herpes Simplex

• Epidemiology
• Transmission by
• Enter through breaks in mucous membranes
• Transmission can occur in absence of symptoms
• Type 1
• Type 2
• Neonatal herpes can be fatal
• Prevention and treatment
• Avoid
• Acyclovir, antiviral medications help prevent
  recurrences, shorten duration of symptoms
• No cure

2
Papillomavirus warts
Seed warts
Flat warts
Plantar warts
3
Warts - Paplliomavirus

• Papillomaviruses
• papillomas of protrusions
  of tissue covered by skin or mucous membrane
• Sexually-transmitted papillomaviruses associated
  with
• Small, naked, double-strand DNA virus (60
  strains)
• Can survive on inanimate objects ?
• Infectious virus is present in wart
• Freezing with liquid nitrogen
• Cauterization
• Surgical removal

4
Chicken Pox (Varicella)

• Symptoms
• Small red spots Small
  bumps Small blisters
  
• Lesions are itchy
• Adults may develop pneumonia
• Potentially serious complications in pregnant
  women
• Reactivation in adults
• Pathogen
• Varicella-zoster virus
• Pathogenesis
• Initial proliferation in upper respiratory tract
• Dissemination via bloodstream to skin
• Virus enters sensory nerve cells ?
• Reactivate in adults -

5
Varicella-zoster virus
Chicken pox
Shingles
6
Chicken Pox (Varicella)

• Epidemiology
• Highly infectious
• Acquired by
• Humans are only source
• Dissemination from
• Prevention and treatment
• for
  immunocompromised individuals
• Acyclovir or other antiviral for prevention and
  treatment

7
German Measles (Rubella)

• Symptoms
• Mild fever cold symptoms rash spreading from
  forehead and face enlarged lymph nodes
• Pathogen
• RNA virus of togavirus family
• Pathogenesis
• Spreads to all parts of body and crosses placenta
• Skin rash and joint symptoms from immune response
  to virus
• 
  characteristic pattern of fetal
  abnormalities

8
Rubella
9
German Measles (Rubella)

• Epidemiology
• Virus possibly present in nose and throat before,
  during and after appearance of rash
• Infection via
• Prevention and treatment
• given to
  children 12-16 months
• Repeated at 4-6 years
• No specific antiviral treatment

10
Measles (Rubeola)

• Symptoms
• Rash fever weepy eyes cough nasal discharge
• Causative Agent
• RNA virus
• avoid immune
  response
• Pathogenesis
• Proliferation in respiratory tract
• Spreads to lymphoid tissue, all parts of body
• in mouth
• Damage to mucous membranes ?
• Skin rash from immune response to viral
  replication in skin cells

11
Measles
12
Measles (Rubeola)

• Epidemiology
• Acquired by
• Humans are only source
• Prevention and treatment
• after age 12
  months
• 2nd dose upon entering elementary school
• Generally given with mumps and rubella (MMR)
• No antiviral treatment available

13
Measles vs. Rubella
14

• Mycoses of the Hair, Skin and Nails

15

• fungal diseases
• surface of body
• in skin
• in hypodermis, muscles
• Systemic affecting many systems

16
Common Dermatophytoses
17
Superficial mycoses Pityriasis

• Malassezia furfur
• Opportunist
• Hypo- or hyperpigmented patches of skin
• Transmission through
• Treatment topical antifungal solutions
  (imidazoles

18
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytosis

• Symptoms
• Itching, odor, rash
• scaly area surrounded
  by irregular rings
• thickened, brittle,
  separate from nail bed
• Causative Agents
• 
  Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton
• Pathogenesis
• Conditions of excessive moisture ?
• Hair follicle is moist
• Children are more sensitive than adults

19
Dermatophytosis

• usually caused by
  Trichophyton
• Spores of Microsporum gypseum scalp ringworm in
  children

20
Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytosis

• Epidemiology
• dermatophytes
  associated with humans only
• dermatophytes
  associated with animals (pets)
• dermatophytes
  associated with soil
• Excessive moisture conditions
• Obesity ? folds of skin can lie together
• Tight clothing
• Plastic/ rubber footware
• Prevention and Treatment
• Maintenance of
• Powders, open shoes prevent toenail infections
• Prescription and OTC medications available
• Effective for superficial skin infections
• Nail infections are difficult to cure

21

• Parasitic Infestations of the Skin

22
Leishmaniasis

• intracellular protozoan
• Transmitted by bite of sand fly
• Found in dogs and rodents
• Endemic in tropics
• Large, painless skin lesions
• 2º infections
• Scarring
• Skin lesions spread to mucous membranes
• Damage is permanently disfiguring
• Often fatal if not treated
• Macrophages spread parasite around body

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis