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IPX/SPX

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Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for the NetWare network operating system ... Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise to entire network which ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: IPX/SPX


1
IPX/SPX
  • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
    Exchange (IPX/SPX)
  • Protocol originally developed by Xerox
  • Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for
    the NetWare network operating system
  • MS calls it NWLINK
  • Combo of protocols and carries network addr. Info
    - routable

FIGURE 3-6 IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model
2
IPX/SPX Core Protocols
  • Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
  • Provides routing and internetworking services
    like IP
  • Not hierarchical though
  • Also uses datagrams to transport data and is
    connectionless
  • Upper layer sub-protocols depend on IPX

FIGURE 3-7 Components of an IPX datagram
3
IPX/SPX Core Protocols
  • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX)
  • Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are
    received
  • Whole
  • In sequence
  • Error free
  • Connection oriented protocol must verify
    session before data will be transmitted

4
SPX
FIGURE 3-8 SPX packet encapsulated by an IPX
datagram
5
IPX/SPX Core Protocols
  • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
  • Works in the Application, presentation, and
    session
  • Runs directly over IPX
  • Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise
    to entire network which services they can provide
  • e.g. print services
  • Broadcasts occur every 60 seconds
  • You can increase this time or block at the router
  • Once advertised, SAP servers maintain a Db of
    device names that correlate to their IPX
    addresses
  • Clients query this Db for different services
  • NDS (Netware Directory Services) replaced

6
IPX/SPX Core Protocols
  • NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
  • Works over IPX w/in presentation and session
  • Handles request for services, such as printing
    and file access between clients and servers
  • Acts as a translator of requests that come from
    client and are answered from server(s)
  • RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
  • Every 30 seconds, a routing table is sent to the
    closest neighbor providing information about that
    segments services available

7
Addressing in SPX/IPX
  • IPX address
  • Easier than IP because it primarily relies on the
    MAC address still needs to be unique
  • Contains two parts
  • Network address (external network number)
  • The network admin decides on an 8-bit hex address
    and assigns it to a server
  • Clients will use this as its primary server
  • Node address devices MAC address
  • Socket address communicate directly to process
  • FULL address
  • 000008A200805F059822456h
  • All 0s (network) and all Fs (broadcast) are
    forbidden

8
Viewing the IPX Address
  • With Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT
    workstations while connected to Netware server
    running version 4.0 or higher
  • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS
    Prompt
  • Change directories to a drive letter mapped to
    the network
  • Type nlist XXXXX /a (with XXXXX being NetWare
    user logon ID)

9
Viewing the IPX Address
  • With Windows 95 or Windows NT workstations while
    connected to NetWare server running a version
    lower than 4.0
  • Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS
    Prompt
  • Type userlist userXXXXX/a (with XXXXX being
    NetWare logon ID)

10
NetBIOS and NetBEUI
  • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS)
  • Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport
    and Session layer services small networks
  • Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol
  • Microsoft added Application layer component
    called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

11
NetBEUI
  • Fast and efficient protocol
  • Consumes few network resources
  • Provides excellent error correction
  • Requires little configuration
  • BUT
  • Can only support 254 connections
  • Not good security
  • No network layer non-routable
  • Can be encapsulated then routed
  • NOT good for large networks
  • Good for peer-to-peer

12
NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model
Neither provides services _at_ all layers, so both
are commonly paired w/ other protocol suites
FIGURE 3-9 NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI
Model
13
NetBIOS Addressing
  • NetBIOS name
  • 16 or fewer alphanumeric characters
  • Once NetBIOS has found the workstations name, it
    will discover the MAC address and use that for
    further communication
  • Should match DNS (host) name
  • WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service)
  • Converts NetBIOS name to IP address
  • WINS vs. DNS
  • NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
  • Usage non-routable wrapped in a routable
    protocol
  • nbtstat A ip_address

14
NetBIOS Addressing
  • Viewing
  • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
    click Properties
  • Click the Identification tab
  • vs. TCP/IP and host name

FIGURE 3-10 Identification tab in Network
properties
15
AppleTalk
  • Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh
    computers
  • Originally designed to support peer-to-peer
    networking among Macintoshes
  • Can now be routed between network segments and
    integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based
    networks

16
AppleTalk
  • AppleTalk zone
  • Logical groups of computers defined on an
    AppleTalk network
  • Enables users to share file and print services
  • Zone names are used to describe the usage e.g.
    sales
  • Not suited for large networks focus on TCP/IP

FIGURE 3-11 AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI
Model
17
AppleTalk Subprotocols
  • AppleShare file sharing, print services,
    accounting information
  • AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) access to files
    both locally and remote
  • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) maintains
    connections between nodes
  • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) ensures
    reliable delivery of data
  • Packet sequence, retransmits

18
AppleTalk Subprotocols
  • Name Binding Protocol (NBP) converts numeric
    AppleTalk addresses to readable node names
  • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
    maintains routing table of AppleTalk zones and
    their networks
  • Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) used by RTMP to
    update zone information to link zones to their
    networks
  • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) assigns
    AppleTalk node addresses and manages
    communication between nodes

19
Addressing in AppleTalk
  • AppleTalk node ID
  • Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a
    computer on an AppleTalk network
  • AppleTalk randomly assigns a node id to each
    workstation when connected to the network
  • AppleTalk network number
  • Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to
    which an AppleTalk node is connected
  • Allows nodes from several different networks to
    communicate

20
Installing Protocols
  • After installing protocols, they must be bound
  • Binding
  • Process of assigning one network component to
    work with another
  • re-boot (sometimes) and bound to NIC and
    services
  • You should only install and bind those protocols
    needed binding order will help with
    prioritizing traffic
  • Multi-homed vs. multi-protocol

21
Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation
  • Insert Windows NT installation CD-ROM
  • Log on to the workstation as an Administrator
  • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
    click Properties
  • Click Protocols tab
  • Click Add
  • In list of network protocols, click NWLink
    IPX/SPX Compatible Transport, then click OK
  • Type the appropriate path to the installation
    files, then click Continue

22
Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation
  • Click OK
  • Click Yes to restart your workstation
  • Verify protocol was installed by again logging to
    workstation as an Administrator
  • Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
    click Properties
  • Click the Protocols tab
  • Verify NWLink (IPX/SPX) Protocol appears in list
    of installed protocols
  • Click Cancel to close dialog box

23
Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation
  • Right-click Network Neighborhood icon, then click
    Properties
  • Verify Configuration tab is selected
  • Click Add
  • Double-click Protocol
  • In the list of manufacturers, click Microsoft
  • In list of protocols, click TCP/IP

24
Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation
  • Click OK
  • If TCP/IP is not already installed on
    workstation, follow prompt and click Yes to
    restart your computer
  • Verify protocol was installed by right-clicking
    Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties
  • Verify Configuration tab is selected
  • Click Cancel to close window

25
Chapter Summary
  • Protocols define the standards for communication
    between nodes on a network
  • Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency,
    utilization of resources, ease of setup,
    compatibility, and ability to travel between one
    LAN segment or another
  • TCP/IP is fast becoming most popular network
    protocol
  • TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into
    four layers roughly corresponding to the seven
    layers of the OSI Model Application, Transport,
    Internet, Network Interface

26
Chapter Summary
  • Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI
    Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide
    communications between hosts on a network
  • Internet Protocol (IP) provides information about
    how and where data should be delivered
  • Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides
    reliable data delivery services
  • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless
    transport service
  • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) notifies
    the sender that something has gone wrong in the
    transmission process and that packets were not
    delivered

27
Chapter Summary
  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) obtains the MAC
    address of a host or node then Creates a local
    database mapping the MAC address to the hosts IP
    address
  • Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number,
    divided into four groups of octets separated by
    periods
  • Range of addresses beginning with 127 is reserved
    for loopback information
  • Every host on a network must have a unique number
  • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
    Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol originally
    developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by
    Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare NOS

28
Chapter Summary
  • Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at
    Transport and Network layers of OSI Model
  • Internet Packet Exchange provides routing and
    internetwork services similar to IP in TCP/IP
    suite
  • Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) works in tandem
    with IPX to ensure data are received whole, in
    sequence, and error free
  • Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is used by
    NetWare servers and routers to advertise to
    entire network which services they can provide
  • NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) handles requests
    for services between clients and servers

29
Chapter Summary
  • Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX
    addresses
  • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was
    originally developed by IBM to provide Transport
    and Session layer services
  • Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation
    protocol, then added an Application layer
    component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
    (NetBEUI)
  • To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS
    needs to know how to reach each workstation
  • AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to
    interconnect Macintosh computers

30
Chapter Summary
  • An AppleTalk network is separated into logical
    groups of computers called AppleTalk zones
  • Though Apple has improved AppleTalks ability to
    use different network models and span network
    segments, it remains unsuited to large LANs or
    WANs
  • In addition to zone names, AppleTalk uses node
    Ids and network numbers to identify computers on
    a network
  • Though some protocolssuch as NetBIOSrequire no
    configuration after installation, otherssuch as
    TCP/IPdo require configuration
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