Title: IPX/SPX
1IPX/SPX
- Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange (IPX/SPX) - Protocol originally developed by Xerox
- Modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for
the NetWare network operating system - MS calls it NWLINK
- Combo of protocols and carries network addr. Info
- routable
FIGURE 3-6 IPX/SPX compared to the OSI Model
2IPX/SPX Core Protocols
- Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
- Provides routing and internetworking services
like IP - Not hierarchical though
- Also uses datagrams to transport data and is
connectionless - Upper layer sub-protocols depend on IPX
FIGURE 3-7 Components of an IPX datagram
3IPX/SPX Core Protocols
- Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX)
- Works in tandem with IPX to ensure data are
received - Whole
- In sequence
- Error free
- Connection oriented protocol must verify
session before data will be transmitted
4SPX
FIGURE 3-8 SPX packet encapsulated by an IPX
datagram
5IPX/SPX Core Protocols
- Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
- Works in the Application, presentation, and
session - Runs directly over IPX
- Used by NetWare servers and routers to advertise
to entire network which services they can provide - e.g. print services
- Broadcasts occur every 60 seconds
- You can increase this time or block at the router
- Once advertised, SAP servers maintain a Db of
device names that correlate to their IPX
addresses - Clients query this Db for different services
- NDS (Netware Directory Services) replaced
6IPX/SPX Core Protocols
- NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
- Works over IPX w/in presentation and session
- Handles request for services, such as printing
and file access between clients and servers - Acts as a translator of requests that come from
client and are answered from server(s) - RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- Every 30 seconds, a routing table is sent to the
closest neighbor providing information about that
segments services available
7Addressing in SPX/IPX
- IPX address
- Easier than IP because it primarily relies on the
MAC address still needs to be unique - Contains two parts
- Network address (external network number)
- The network admin decides on an 8-bit hex address
and assigns it to a server - Clients will use this as its primary server
- Node address devices MAC address
- Socket address communicate directly to process
- FULL address
- 000008A200805F059822456h
- All 0s (network) and all Fs (broadcast) are
forbidden
8Viewing the IPX Address
- With Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT
workstations while connected to Netware server
running version 4.0 or higher - Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS
Prompt - Change directories to a drive letter mapped to
the network - Type nlist XXXXX /a (with XXXXX being NetWare
user logon ID)
9Viewing the IPX Address
- With Windows 95 or Windows NT workstations while
connected to NetWare server running a version
lower than 4.0 - Click Start, point to Programs, then click MS-DOS
Prompt - Type userlist userXXXXX/a (with XXXXX being
NetWare logon ID)
10NetBIOS and NetBEUI
- Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS)
- Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport
and Session layer services small networks - Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol
- Microsoft added Application layer component
called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)
11NetBEUI
- Fast and efficient protocol
- Consumes few network resources
- Provides excellent error correction
- Requires little configuration
- BUT
- Can only support 254 connections
- Not good security
- No network layer non-routable
- Can be encapsulated then routed
- NOT good for large networks
- Good for peer-to-peer
12NetBIOS and NetBEUI Compared to the OSI Model
Neither provides services _at_ all layers, so both
are commonly paired w/ other protocol suites
FIGURE 3-9 NetBIOS/NetBEUI compared to the OSI
Model
13NetBIOS Addressing
- NetBIOS name
- 16 or fewer alphanumeric characters
- Once NetBIOS has found the workstations name, it
will discover the MAC address and use that for
further communication - Should match DNS (host) name
- WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service)
- Converts NetBIOS name to IP address
- WINS vs. DNS
- NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
- Usage non-routable wrapped in a routable
protocol - nbtstat A ip_address
14NetBIOS Addressing
- Viewing
- Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
click Properties - Click the Identification tab
- vs. TCP/IP and host name
FIGURE 3-10 Identification tab in Network
properties
15AppleTalk
- Protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh
computers - Originally designed to support peer-to-peer
networking among Macintoshes - Can now be routed between network segments and
integrated with NetWare- and Microsoft-based
networks
16AppleTalk
- AppleTalk zone
- Logical groups of computers defined on an
AppleTalk network - Enables users to share file and print services
- Zone names are used to describe the usage e.g.
sales - Not suited for large networks focus on TCP/IP
FIGURE 3-11 AppleTalk protocol compared to OSI
Model
17AppleTalk Subprotocols
- AppleShare file sharing, print services,
accounting information - AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP) access to files
both locally and remote - AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) maintains
connections between nodes - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) ensures
reliable delivery of data - Packet sequence, retransmits
18AppleTalk Subprotocols
- Name Binding Protocol (NBP) converts numeric
AppleTalk addresses to readable node names - Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
maintains routing table of AppleTalk zones and
their networks - Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) used by RTMP to
update zone information to link zones to their
networks - Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) assigns
AppleTalk node addresses and manages
communication between nodes
19Addressing in AppleTalk
- AppleTalk node ID
- Unique 8-bit or 16-bit number identifying a
computer on an AppleTalk network - AppleTalk randomly assigns a node id to each
workstation when connected to the network - AppleTalk network number
- Unique 16-bit number identifying the network to
which an AppleTalk node is connected - Allows nodes from several different networks to
communicate
20Installing Protocols
- After installing protocols, they must be bound
- Binding
- Process of assigning one network component to
work with another - re-boot (sometimes) and bound to NIC and
services - You should only install and bind those protocols
needed binding order will help with
prioritizing traffic - Multi-homed vs. multi-protocol
21Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation
- Insert Windows NT installation CD-ROM
- Log on to the workstation as an Administrator
- Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
click Properties - Click Protocols tab
- Click Add
- In list of network protocols, click NWLink
IPX/SPX Compatible Transport, then click OK - Type the appropriate path to the installation
files, then click Continue
22Installing Protocols on a Windows NT Workstation
- Click OK
- Click Yes to restart your workstation
- Verify protocol was installed by again logging to
workstation as an Administrator - Right-click the Network Neighborhood icon, then
click Properties - Click the Protocols tab
- Verify NWLink (IPX/SPX) Protocol appears in list
of installed protocols - Click Cancel to close dialog box
23Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation
- Right-click Network Neighborhood icon, then click
Properties - Verify Configuration tab is selected
- Click Add
- Double-click Protocol
- In the list of manufacturers, click Microsoft
- In list of protocols, click TCP/IP
24Installing Protocols on a Windows 95 Workstation
- Click OK
- If TCP/IP is not already installed on
workstation, follow prompt and click Yes to
restart your computer - Verify protocol was installed by right-clicking
Network Neighborhood icon, then click Properties - Verify Configuration tab is selected
- Click Cancel to close window
25Chapter Summary
- Protocols define the standards for communication
between nodes on a network - Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency,
utilization of resources, ease of setup,
compatibility, and ability to travel between one
LAN segment or another - TCP/IP is fast becoming most popular network
protocol - TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into
four layers roughly corresponding to the seven
layers of the OSI Model Application, Transport,
Internet, Network Interface
26Chapter Summary
- Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI
Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide
communications between hosts on a network - Internet Protocol (IP) provides information about
how and where data should be delivered - Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides
reliable data delivery services - User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless
transport service - Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) notifies
the sender that something has gone wrong in the
transmission process and that packets were not
delivered
27Chapter Summary
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) obtains the MAC
address of a host or node then Creates a local
database mapping the MAC address to the hosts IP
address - Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number,
divided into four groups of octets separated by
periods - Range of addresses beginning with 127 is reserved
for loopback information - Every host on a network must have a unique number
- Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol originally
developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by
Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare NOS
28Chapter Summary
- Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at
Transport and Network layers of OSI Model - Internet Packet Exchange provides routing and
internetwork services similar to IP in TCP/IP
suite - Sequence Packet Exchange (SPX) works in tandem
with IPX to ensure data are received whole, in
sequence, and error free - Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is used by
NetWare servers and routers to advertise to
entire network which services they can provide - NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) handles requests
for services between clients and servers
29Chapter Summary
- Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX
addresses - Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was
originally developed by IBM to provide Transport
and Session layer services - Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation
protocol, then added an Application layer
component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface
(NetBEUI) - To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS
needs to know how to reach each workstation - AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to
interconnect Macintosh computers
30Chapter Summary
- An AppleTalk network is separated into logical
groups of computers called AppleTalk zones - Though Apple has improved AppleTalks ability to
use different network models and span network
segments, it remains unsuited to large LANs or
WANs - In addition to zone names, AppleTalk uses node
Ids and network numbers to identify computers on
a network - Though some protocolssuch as NetBIOSrequire no
configuration after installation, otherssuch as
TCP/IPdo require configuration