Animal Science 1

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Animal Science 1

• Unit 1
• Introduction to Animal Science

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Animal Science Defined

• Animal science is the scientific study of farm
  animals. There are various sciences which are
  included in this

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Discipline areas that are involved in Animal
Science
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• Genetics
• Genetics is the branch of study that deals with
  genes and heredity, including the transmissions
  of inherited characteristics among related
  organisms.

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• Embryology
• Embryology is the branch of study that deals with
  the formation, early growth and development of an
  organism.

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• Zoology
• Zoology is the study of the structure,
  physiology, development and classification of
  animals.

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• Botany
• Botany is the science that deals with the study
  of plants.

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• Agronomy
• Agronomy is the scientific study of agriculture
  including plant sciences and soil sciences

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• Anatomy
• Anatomy is the science of the shape and structure
  of organisms and their parts.

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• Physiology
• Physiology is the study of the functions of
  living organisms and their parts.

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• Chemistry
• Chemistry is the science of the composition,
  structure, properties and reactions of matter.

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• Nutrition
• Nutrition is the amounts and types of nutrients
  that are required for a well-balanced, proper
  diet for a healthy body.
• Nutrition is also the science dealing with food
  and nourishment of people or animals.

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• Pathology
• Pathology is the scientific study of the nature
  of a disease and its causes.

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• Parasitology
• Parasitology is the scientific study of the
  characteristic behavior or mode of existence of a
  parasite or group of parasites.

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• Entomology
• Entomology is the scientific study of insects.

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• Bacteriology
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria (one-celled
  microorganisms), especially in relation to
  medicine and agriculture.

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• Economics
• Economics is the social science that deals with
  the production, distribution and consumption of
  goods and services.

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• Computer Science
• Computer Science is the science that deals with
  computer technology and its applications.

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• Ethology
• Ethology is the scientific study of animal
  behavior.

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• Ecology
• Ecology is the science of the relationships
  between organisms and their environments.

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• Communications
• Communications is the transfer of information
  through various technologies including written,
  audio, video and the network that transmits this
  information.

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• Finance
• Finance is the management of money, assets,
  banking, investments and credit.

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• Political Science
• Political science is the study of the processes,
  principles, and structure of government and
  political institutions.

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• Law
• Law is the science and study of the legal system.

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• Engineering
• Engineering is the application of science to
  practical ends such as the design, manufacture
  and operation of structures.

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• Microbiology
• Microbiology deals with microorganisms (such as
  bacteria and protozoa) and their effects on other
  living things.

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Role of Animal Agriculture in Society
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Animal Contributions to Society

• Animal Contributions
• Food
• Mutton and chevon are eaten by more people than
  any other meat
• Beef is eaten in larger quantities than any other
  meat.
• Most of the world's meat supply comes from cattle
  and buffalo
• Certain religions restrict beef and pork
  consumption
• Hindus do not eat beef.
• Muslim, Hindu, and Orthodox Jews do not eat pork
• Many people eat horsemeat
• Goats, ewes, cattle, mares, sows, llamas, camels,
  reindeer, and yaks provide milk and milk
  products.

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• Mutton is the general term describing the meat
  derived from sheep.
• Chevon is the term describing the meat derived
  from goats.
• Beef is the general term describing the meat
  derived from cattle.
• Also is an adjective to describe cattle raised
  primarily for meat production as opposed to milk
  production. (ie. beef cattle vs. dairy cattle)

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Animal Contributions

• Clothing
• Wool, hair, hides (leather), and pelts have
  commonly been used for clothing.
• Even today, in more than 100 countries, ruminant
  fibers such as hair and wool are used in the
  manufacture of clothing, bedding, housing and
  carpets.

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Animal Contributions

• Shelter
• Hair and hides provide material for shelter. For
  example, hides are used in teepees while hair is
  used in plaster (horsehair plaster). In addition,
  other animal products are used in building
  materials.

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Animal Contributions

• Tools
• Early man relied on bones and hides for tools.
• Utensils
• Bladders, horns, catgut and dynamite are animal
  products that are commonly used.
• Personal Items
• Humans use animal products or by-products for
  jewelry and perfume.

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Animal Contributions

• Power
• Animals have always been important throughout
  history for draft work, packing and transporting
  humans. In the 1920s, over 25 million horses were
  used primarily for draft purposes.
• Even today, in parts of developing countries,
  animals provide as much as 99 of the power used
  in agriculture while 20 of the world's
  populations depend on animals for moving goods.
  In half of all of the countries in the world,
  cattle, buffalo, horses, mules, camels and llamas
  are kept primarily for work and draft purposes.
  For example, India has more than 200 million
  cattle and buffalo, but because cattle are sacred
  in India, they are not slaughtered for meat.
  These animals are used to provide power for field
  work.

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Animal Contributions

• War
• Animals were used in war for transportation and
  power as well as providing food and clothing.

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Animal Contributions

• Religion
• Some societies worship animals. Hindus, for
  example, consider cattle to be sacred. Therefore,
  cattle are not slaughtered for meat in India.

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Animal Contributions

• Recreation
• Some recreational uses for animals include
  companionship, hobbies such as horseback riding
  or any activity where humans derive pleasure from
  animals. Recreational uses also include sports
  such as rodeo or horseracing. Some people simply
  invest in livestock as a tax write-off or hobby.

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Animal Contributions

• Prestige
• In some cases, simply owning animals may be
  considered prestigious. The prestige associated
  with any one animal may vary from area to area.
  For example
• In the United States, the most prestigious
  animals are beef cattle.
• In Kentucky, the most prestigious animal is the
  horse.
• In the World, the most prestigious animals are
  cattle.
• In societies that depend highly on horses, horses
  are considered the most prestigious.

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Animal Contributions

• Health
• Animals make significant contributions to human
  health in many ways.
• Laboratory animals are commonly used for
  research.
• Large farm animals are sometimes used in the
  research of human disease although not frequently
  because of high maintenance costs involved.
• Miniature pigs have been used in laboratory
  research because they closely resemble humans in
  their pulmonary, cardiac, dental and even
  pre-natal brain development.
• Cattle and sheep have been used to test
  artificial organs before use in humans.
• Humans also use animal products and by-products
  in pharmaceuticals.

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Animal Contributions

• Other Contributions
• Animal Waste
• Animals produce millions of tons of waste each
  year that contains nitrogen, phosphorus and
  potassium. The estimated annual value of this
  product when used as fertilizer is 1 billion.

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Other Contributions

• Tallow and Grease
• Tallow and grease that are derived from animals
  are used in soaps, cosmetics, animal feeds,
  lubricants, candles and synthetic rubber.

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Other Contributions

• Gelatin
• Gelatin is obtained from hides, skins and bones
  and is used in foods, films and glues.

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Other Contributions

• Collagen
• Collagen is obtained primarily from hides and is
  used in sausage casings.

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Role of Animal Agriculture in Feeding the World

• Non-Arable Land
• Non-Edible Plants and Plant Parts

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• Arable Non-Arable Land
• Arable land is land that is fit for cultivation
  or growing crops. Non-arable land is land that
  cannot be used for growing crops.

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• Non-Edible Plants and Plant Parts
• What we eat from a corn plant

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Role of Animal Products in a Balanced Diet

• Animal foods provide Plants provide
• high quality protein
• Zinc, Iron, Calcium
• Vitamins A, D, E, K and B12
• fats and lipids
• carbohydrates (energy)
• vitamins
• minerals
• fats and lipids

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Leading Livestock Producing Countries

• Beef and Veal
• Mutton and Lamb
• Swine
• United States
• Brazil
• China
• China
• Australia
• India
• China
• United States
• Brazil
• Horses
• Chickens
• China
• Brazil
• Mexico
• China
• United States

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Factors Affecting Which Livestock Are Raised
Where

• Climate can affect types and quantities of plants
  grown, insects and disease risks, comfort and
  animals. Some climate factors are
• temperature
• elevation
• humidity
• amount of rainfall
• distribution of rain
• wind

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Types of Livestock

• Beef
• Dairy
• Sheep
• Swine
• Dairy Goats
• Meat Goats

• Horses
• Rabbits
• Fish
• Fur-Bearing Animals
• Poultry

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Products and Services Livestock Provide

• Meat
• Eggs
• Milk
• Clothing
• Medicine

• Fertilizer
• Miscellaneous products. Examples Shoe polish,
  photographic film, soap, glue, lubricants

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Classification of Livestock Based on Use

• Food
• 1. Meat
• 2. Eggs
• 3. Milk

• Fiber
• 1. Wool
• 2. Leather
• 3. Fur Bearing animals

• Recreation
• 1. Companion animal
• 2. Racing
• 3. Showing
• 4. Hunting/Fishing

• Work
• 1. Herding
• 2. Transportation
• 3. Field Work
• 4. Logging

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Classification of livestock based on use continued

• Related Industries
• 1. Laboratory animals
• 2. Medicine
• 3. Products ( make-up, etc.)

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Ten Business Areas in Which Livestock Provides
Products, Sales or Services

• Food Processing
• By-product processing
• Feed manufacturing and sales
• Equipment manufacturing, sales, and service

• Transportation
• Health products and sales
• Veterinary services
• Marketing services
• Clothing and apparel
• Research

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Major Types of Livestock Production in Nebraska

• Beef
• Swine
• Dairy

• Poultry
• Sheep
• Horse

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Minor Types of Livestock Produced In Nebraska

• Rabbit
• Goats
• Lama

• Fish
• Fur-bearing animals
• Companion animals

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Factors Affecting Which Livestock Are Raised Where

• Soils can affect if and what crops and raised. If
  the soil is good, crops can be raised but if soil
  quality is poor, then livestock are more
  efficient.

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Factors Affecting Which Livestock Are Raised Where

• Area population in relation to productivity
• If an area is overpopulated land can not be used
  for production but it can be used for subsistence
  agriculture. In this case, more efficient species
  are used.
• If an area is under populated in relation to
  productive ability, then commercial agriculture
  may develop, exports will increase and all
  species can be used.

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Factors Affecting Which Livestock Are Raised Where

• Progressiveness of the people
• Lack of knowledge, capital or initiative may
  prevent development of agricultural production
• Religion may limit the use of more efficient
  species or practices

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Types of Agricultural Enterprises in the World

• Nomadic Herding
• Nomadic herding is a subsistence practice type of
  grazing. People raise animals for their own food
  and move them from place to place to areas of
  available pasture.
• Nomadic herding still exists in the world today
  in the areas of Northwest Asia, the Middle East,
  North Africa and the Arctic Tundra.
• Characteristics of nomadic herding are
• Subsistence
• Travel
• Sparse forage
• Covers a large area of the world
• Few products enter world trade
• Poor quality livestock
• Inadequate diets for livestock and people

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Types of Agricultural Enterprises in the World

• Commercial Grazing
• Commercial grazing is the practice or business of
  grazing livestock for a profit.
• Major areas of commercial grazing include
• Temperate Grasslands
• moderate climates
• good soil quality
• good grass
• Tropical Savannas
• treeless, flat plains
• heavy seasonal rains (25 inches or more)
• variable quality forage
• Some characteristics of commercial grazing
• Developed in the last 100 - 130 years
• Improved forages
• Improved livestock
• Skilled management
• Organized marketing of products

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Types of Agricultural Enterprises in the World

• Grain-Mixed Farming
• Grain-mixed farming is the practice of combining
  grain crop production wirth commercial livestock
  in one farming operation.
• Grain-mixed farming is practiced in the middle
  latitudes of every continent except for Asia. The
  U.S. Corn Belt, North Western Europe boast the
  most productive farming systems. These countries
  include
• Europe
• U.S. Corn Belt
• Russia
• Central Australia
• Central South America
• Central Africa

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Types of Agricultural Enterprises in the World

• Characteristics of grain-mixed farming are
• advanced tillage practices
• use of fertilizer
• soil conservation methods
• advanced mechanization
• use of improved breeds of livestock
• use a variety of plants
• advanced marketing systems
• Grain-mixed farmers are among the wealthiest in
  the world.
• All species of animals are used in this type of
  operation but swine are favorable because they
  are more efficient than cattle or sheep at
  converting grain to meat.

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• Commercial Grain
• Commercial grain farming consists of large,
  highly mechanized operations and exists only in
  temperate zones. Some countries include
• the Great Plains in the U.S
• Canada
• Argentina
• Russian Federation
• Australia
• Some characteristics of commercial grain farming
  are
• it is fairly recent (it did not exist before
  mechanization)
• wheat, sorghum and small grains are the primary
  crops that are grown
• some operations have no livestock but others can
  be highly diversified

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• Dairying
• Dairy farming is practiced all over the world and
  is the process of raising dairy cattle for milk
  production. Dairying is practiced primarily in
  cool climates where lush, high quality forages
  are grown.
• Some areas of dairy production include
• U.S. Dairy Belt(from Minnesota to New England)
• U.S. Pacific Coast
• Denmark
• Switzerland
• Holland
• New Zealand

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Vertically Integrated Poultry and Swine

• Vertical integration occurs when the same firm
  controls all aspects of production, processing,
  and marketing of a product. Control may be
  through direct ownership, leasing of resources,
  or legal contracts with others who provide
  necessary resources.
• Vertical integration allows a company to control
  the quantity, quality, and price of its inputs
  and allows a firm to extract profits at every
  stage of the production process.

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Livestock Producing Areas

• In order to have a livestock industry, there must
  be certain factors present
• demand for animal products
• feed
• water
• marketing/transportation system
• enough space for livestock

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History of Animal Agriculture in the U.S.

• 1493Columbus made 2nd voyage and brought
  livestock to the West Indies1519Cattle and sheep
  were brought to Mexico by Cortez1539 De Soto
  brought horses and hogs into Florida1641William
  Pynchon, Springfield, Massachusetts was first
  meat packer exporting salt pork1500s -
  1600sSpanish/Portugese missionaries brought stock
  to the West1600s - 1700sEuropean Settler brought
  stock to the East1760 - 1795Robert Bakewell,
  England, father of animal breeding, bred animals
  for a purpose, creating different types1800 -
  1861Breeds were imported for improving stock
  (Henry Clay brought Herefords and Durocs)1861 -
  1865Changes that occured during the Civil War 
• Railroads
• A. Decreased need for horses and mules
• B. Decreased need for stock to be raised where
  they are consumed
• Refrigeration
• A. Box Cars
• B. Allowed shipping of carcasses to population
  centers
• (Now animals could be raised in one place, sold
  at another and consumed at yet another.)
• Change in tastes.
• Before the war, pork was the most popular meat
  (mainly due to ease of storage), but beef became
  the most popular meat after the war because of
  refrigeration.
• 1960s to todayExplosion of knowledge about
  feeding, growth, management of livestock
  (especially animal health), supplements,
  facilities, and even processing and packing.
  There were huge improvements in efficiency (lbs
  of product/animal).

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Animal Husbandry

• Animal husbandry is the art of working with farm
  animals.

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Marketing

• Marketing is knowing when to buy and sell and how
  to buy and sell.

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Feeding

• Feeding is knowing which combinations of feed to
  feed to animals with different needs and, being
  able to look at an animal and determine if they
  are nutritionally sound.

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Breeding

• Breeding is ability to look at a female animal at
  determine weaknesses and determining which male
  will produce the most ideal offspring.

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Health

• Health is being able to recognize a healthy or
  ill animal

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Management

• Management is the ability to manage a herd or
  flock to make a profit.

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By-products

• Products left after the main products have been
  extracted