Pantothenic Acid

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Pantothenic Acid

• I am not responsible for Errors!
• Nosaj

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• Where did the structure of pantothenic acid
  become elucidated?

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• 1930s at the University of Oregon

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• What is the active form of pantothenic acid?

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• Pantothenic acid asymmetric
• Only the D() isomer is active

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• True or False
• Pantothenic acid has a specific coenzyme role?

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• True it does have a coenzyme role but not
  really!!!
• Pantothenic acid is a structural component, but
  not the active site, of coenzyme A.

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• How do you induce a pantothenic acid deficiency?

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• No specific deficiency symptoms have been
  described
• POW WWII noticed symptoms of neurological nature.

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• True or False I can OD at 400 IU?

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• False
• There have been no reports of toxic doses. There
  is no UL
• Water soluble hard to get toxic stores of it.

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• If the AI for pantothenoic acid 30 µg/day how
  much are you going to get in the vitamin
  preparation?

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• The asymmetric form of the vitamin is 30 µg
  therefore if a vitamin company makes a racemic
  mixture twice the amount would be required.

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Biotin

• What is the underlying history of this vitamin?

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• Rats fed a diet high in raw egg white exhibited
  muscle incoordination, dermatitis and loss of hair

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• Why does feeding a diet of raw egg white to rats
  induce a biotin deficiency?

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• Egg white contains a basic protein known as
  avidin
• What is the effect of cooking an egg?

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• Cooking the egg white ties up the avidin in the
  rest of the egg albumin preventing its binding
  biotin.

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• What is biotins biochemical role in the body?

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• Biotin is required for the addition of carbon
  dioxide in many, but not all, carboxylation
  reactions.

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• What is the active form of biotin?

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• The d-isomer is the only active form.
• Enolic form
• Keto form

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• What are the functions of Biotin?

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• Propionyl CoA ---gt Methylmalonyl CoA
• Pyruvate ---gt oxalacetate
• Formation of carbamyl phosphate (urea cycle)
• Acetyl CoA --gt Malonyl CoA (fatty acid synthesis)
  
• Metabolism of leucine

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• What is the toxic levels of biotin in humans?

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• There is no UL of biotin in humans and no reports
  of hypervitaminosis.

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• So this is a racemic mixture correct. Therefore
  what can I say about the quantity of biotin?

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• The quantity of biotin would be doubled to
  account for the other isomer.
• As with racemic pantothenic acid and
  pantothenol, only half of the racemic biotin is
  active.

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• What is the RDA for Biotin?

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• There is no RDA for Biotin the
• AI is 30 µg/day

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• The importance of this vitamin was discovered
  when an infant milk formulation was sold without
  __________.

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• Pyridoxine
• -Infants developed convulsions and there were
  deaths.
• Initially, there was confusion as to whether
  there was a contaminant in the milk.

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• Where was much research on pyridoxine done at?

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• Oregon State University

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• What is the commercial form of pyridoxine?

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• Pyridoxine
• Pyridoxal found in animals (no commercial)
• Pyridoxamine found in animals. (No commercial)

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• What are the biochemical functions of pyridoxine

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• Transamination
• Decarboxylation of A.A.
• Production of glucose-1-P from glycogen.
• Conversion of homocysteine to cysteine and
  glycogenic end products.

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• What are drugs that can induce a pyridoxine
  deficiency.

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• Isoniazid (INH)
• Penicillamine
• I Pee

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• What is the effect of excess amounts of
  pyridoxine in parkisonian patients?

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• ?pyridoxine
• ?tremors
• This reduces the amount of L-DOPA that will cross
  the blood brain barrier.

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• What is the mystique associated with pyridoxine?

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• Most of this mystique has built up around this
  vitamin resulting in individuals overdosing
  themselves why?

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• Most of this Mystique focuses on the role of
  pyridoxal P in conversion of glycogen to
  glucose-1-P

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• What is the RDA for pyridoxine?

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• 1.4-1.7 mg/day

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