The Turkish

1
The Turkish Mongol Empires

• or
• How Stinky Barbaric Nomads took over the World

2
Introduction

• Turkish Mongol invasions perhaps the most
  important to world history in the period
  1000-1500
• Extended up to the very periphery of Eurasia
• Redefined the relationship of nomadic to
  "civilized" people
• made definitions more difficult for historians
• previously the civilizations had unified lands of
  the nomads
• now, however, the nomadic groups - both Turk and
  Mongol - unified "civilized" lands under their
  control
• These invasions from steppe of central Asia were
  part of a long pattern dating back to Attila

3
Saljuk Turks

• Came into ME from Aral Sea (970)
• Tughril Beg defeated remnants of Abbasid Empire
  -- becoming "sultan" of Islamic empire (1055)
• pushed towards the West in the middle east ?
  Constantinople Defeated Byzantium in 1071 at
  Manzikert
• Created sultanate of Rum w/Nicaea as capital
• continued to fight with the Crusaders for
  Jerusalem

4
"Indian" Turks

• Spread from Aral Sea into India
• Introduced militantly strong Islam throughout
  India
• used force as well as education
• Hinduism seen as sinful
• polytheistic and had pictures of the gods
• conflict also between caste based Hindu society
  and egalitarian Muslim society
• Established basis for problems of modern India
  and Pakistan
• Hindu and Muslims tension

Mahmud
5
Indian Turks (cont.)

• most famous of Turks in India was Mahmud
  (997-1030) "the image breaker
• Destroyed Hindu statues, paintings
• India helpless to Turkish onslaught
• only one warrior class
• rest converted to Islam
• or relied on karma, dharma, and reincarnation
• Conquest extended south to Delhi,
• India ? Turkish sultanate

6
The Mongol World Empire China The Yuan
Dynasty (1279-1368)

• Greatest empire in history of the world
• extended from Caspian Sea to Pacific Ocean
• North into Russia, Siberia, Korea
• South into Persia Burma

7
Rise of the Mongol Empire

• Nomadic people
• families belong to clans
• clans belonged to tribes
• within tribes chiefs elected from nobility
• tribes politically divided
• traded warred among themselves neighbors
• Genghis Khan
• -founder of the Mongol Empire
• -able to unite all the tribes
• -elected as Great Khan

Genghis Khan
8
Military

• extremely disciplined well organized
• possessed superior tactics
• very mobile
• used terror as a weapon
• allowed conquered people to join military
• all these helped defeat larger armies

Mongol Archer
Chinese canon, 1368
9
Division of the Mongol Empire
Golden Horde
Great Khanate
Chagatai
Ikhanate

• Genghis divided empire among his four sons
• over generations they became independent 4
  Khanates
• Ikhanate (Persia) absorbed Persia E.Turkish
  region
• Golden Horde (Russia Cossacks)
• Chagatai (C. Russia)
• Great Khanate (China, Mongolia, Korea)
• maintained trade communication w/China

10
Mongol Rule in China

• Mongols conquer Beijing (1227)
• Kublai, chosen as Great Khan in 1260
• grandson of Genghis
• Reunifies Mongol Empire
• moves capital to Beijing
• Expands Grand Canal
• 1271 adopts Chinese dynastic name Yuan
• conquers the southern Sung in 1279

Kublai Khan
11
Government Society under Kublai Khan

• adopts custom of hereditary succession
• rebuilds Beijing as walled city
• govt. shifts towards Chinese forms of govt. and
  taxation
• Chinese citizens segregated from the 400,000
  Mongols in China
• military service reserved for
• Mongols only
• military officers most important positions
• civil administration highly centralized
• Relied on non-Chinese to run bureaucracy

Walls surrounding Beijing
12
Societal Divisions

• Categories
• level one Mongols
• -top military civil posts
• level two Persians,Turks, some Europeans
• -filled high civil posts
• level three northern Chinese
• level four southern Chinese
• Chinese officials directly controlled Chinese
• Citizenry the Mongols controlled Chinese
• officials.

Kublai Khan w/Mongol Warriors
13
Marco Polo

• 1275-1292
• served Kublai Khan
• influenced future traders explorers
• brought knowledge of China to Europe
• diffusion of Asian cultures, technology ideas

14
Religion
Christianity spread from Persia to central Asia
China churches built papal missions sent from
Rome Tibetan Chinese Buddhism expand Islam
flourished the most permanently established in
central western Asia mosques built
Mosque
Cathedral
Buddhist Temple
15
Decline of Yuan Dynasty

• dynasty collapses in 1368
• Shortest dynasty in Chinese history
• Rebellion, esp. in S. China
• Plague in S. China -- ? pop. labour
• Spread to C. Asia, ME Europe through trade
  routes
• The Black Death kills ¼ of pop. in W. Europe

Mongols fighting Japanese Samurai
16
Decline of Yuan Dynasty (cont.)
Mongol siege of Baghdad

• Mongol Khanates separated by religion, culture,
  distance
• govt. officials ?corrupt
• economy ?
• Warlords control respective regions
• Mongol influence in China quickly disappeared

17
Legacy of Mongol Rule

• Collapse of Mongol rule in Persia leads to rise
  of Timur (Tamerlane) Timurid rule in Persia,
  Bactria India
• Diffusion of ideas, technology, culture across
  two continents
• Renewed European interest in
• science, literature, medicine, math
• Sparks the Renaissance Age of Exploration
• The Black Death
• Unified resistance of various groups against
  Mongol invaders

Timur the siege of Bhatnair