Understand what tourism is and its many definitions.

1
Learning Objectives

• Understand what tourism is and its many
  definitions.
• Learn the components of tourism and tourism
  management.
• Examine the various approaches to studying
  tourism.
• Appreciate how important this industry is to the
  economy of the world and of many countries.
• Know the benefits and costs of tourism.

2
To Define Tourism You Need to Consider 4 Elements

• The tourist who seek psychological and physical
  experiences
• The suppliers who make profit by supplying the
  demand
• The governments who view tourism as a wealth
  factor in the economy and playa role in policy,
  development, promotion and implementation
  (invisible export, income redistribution from
  rich to developing countries, )
• The host community local people who usually see
  tourism as a cultural and employment factor. The
  interaction between the host and the locals may
  be beneficial or harmful or both

3
Why there are multiple definitions?

• There are definitions for each special purpose
  based on distance travelled, length of stay or
  purpose of the trip
• Researches
• Governments
• International organizations (WTO, OECD, UNetc.)

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Definition of Tourism
Tourism may be defined as the processes,
activities, and outcomes arising from the
relationships and the interactions among
tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments,
host communities, and surrounding environments
that are involved in the attracting and
hosting of visitors.
5
WTO Definition of Tourism
Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes.
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Tourism

• International Tourism
• Inbound tourism visits to a country by
  non-residents
• Outbound tourism visits by residents of a
  country to another country
• Domestic tourism tourism of residents of a
  country within the country
• Internal tourism tourism of residents and
  non-residents within the country
• National tourism domestic tourism outbound
  tourism
• Ref http//stats.oecd.org

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Visitor
A visitor is defined as those persons who
travel to a country other than that in which they
have their usual residence but outside their
usual environment for a period not exceeding
twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is
other than the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place visited. This
term constitutes the basic concept of entire
system of tourism statistics
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Visitors by Length of Stay

• Same-day visitors (excursionists) staying less
  than 24 hrs
• Tourists staying more than 24 hrs less than 12
  months (def. of UN)
• Soare these tourists?
• US military personnel in Iraq
• Turkish diplomats in Europe
• Immigrants

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Visitors by Purpose of Travel

• Recreation Travelers
• Business Travelers
• Other Travelers

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1. Recreation Travelers (tourists)

• Travel for leisure
• Can be grouped as
• Sun-lust (mass) tourists
• Wander-lust (cultural) tourists
• They are holiday makers and most of the tourism
  promotion activities are are geared towards them
• They are influenced by promotional campaigns
• They choose the destination by their own will
• They meet the travel expenditure from their own
  pocket

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Minium conditions to be a tourist

• Available leisure time, free time (not working
  during visit)
• Disposable income of ones own budget
• Free willl to trave, free choice of time and
  venue
• Round trip (tour)

12
Business Travelers and Meeting Participants
(semi-tourists)

• They visit other countries as a result of their
  professional or trade activities
• It also includes incentive travels
• The travel venue is decided by the organization
  or association holding the meting
• The volume of this market is related to the
  scientific and economic development of the
  country. It also fosters scientific and economic
  development
• Costs of travel are paid fully or partially by
  the organizations that the participants are
  members of
• The expenditures of the travellers are usually
  tax-deductable which increases the expenditure at
  destination

13
Other Travellers

• Wide range of purposes
• They travel for purposes other than leisure,
  holiday making, business or meeting but they use
  tourism and travel related servives
• Their travel decision cannot be influenced by
  tourism promotions
• Example VFR, old country visitors

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Classification of Travelers
(1) Tourists in international technical
definitions. (2) Excursionists in international
technical definitions. (3) Travelers whose trips
are shorter than those that qualify for travel
and tourism e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from
home. (4) Students traveling between home and
school only -- other travel of students is within
scope of travel and tourism. (5) All persons
moving to a new place of residence including all
one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants,
refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
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The Tourism PhenomenonComponents of tourism and
tourism management
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Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field
Psychology
Geography
Source adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of
Wisconsin-Stout, Study of Tourism Choices of
Discipline and Approach.
17
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, June 2008
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Travel and Tourism --Worlds Largest Industry

• In 2005 it is estimated to account for some
• 4.7 trillion of Economic Activity
• 221.5 million jobs
• In 2015 it is estimated to account for
• 7.8 trillion of Economic Activity
• 269.5 million jobs

Source WTTC
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Worlds Top 10Tourism Destinations2008

• International
• Tourist Arrivals
• Rank (million) Change 2008 Country 2007 2007/
  08
• 1 France 81.9 3.8
• 2 Spain 59.2 1.7
• 3 United States 56.0 9.8
• 4 China 54.7 9.6
• 5 Italy 43.7 6.3
• 6 UK 30.7 0.1
• 7 Germany 24.4 3.9
• 8 Ukraine 23.1 22.1
• 9 Turkey 22.2 17.6
• 10 Mexico 21.4 0.3
• Visit WTOs web site for the rest of the figures

Source WTO
20
Worlds Top 10Tourism Earners2003
International Tourism Receipts Rank, (US
billion) Change 2008 Country 2007
2007/08 1 United States 96.7
12.8 2 Spain 57.8 3.6 3 France 54.2
7.2 4 Italy 42.7
3.2 5 China 41.9 23.5 6 UK 37.6
2.7 7 Germany 36.0
0.6 8 Australia 22.2
12.2 9 Austria 18.9
4.0 10 Turkey 18.5 9.7
Source WTO
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TourismWhat it Means to the Turkish Wconomy
and Workforce

• The number of people working in tourism increases
  while the numbers decrease in other industries.
• There were 626.000 thousand people working in ISO
  500 companies in 2006, this number decreased to
  533.395. Whereas in the same period the number of
  employees working in tourism increased from
  167.525 to 319.288 people (formally recorded
  employees)
• Unrecorded and indirect number of employment goes
  up 1.7 million people.
• 2010 ExpectationsAccording to WTTC, in 2010
  tourism will enlarge Turkish ecoomy to grow by
  2.6 and provide employment to 2.5 million people.

Source Travel Industry Association of America
(TIA)
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Benefits of Tourism- Economic

• Can be developed with local products and
  resources
• Diversifies the economy
• Tends to be compatible with other economic
  activities
• Spreads development
• High multiplier impact
• Increases governmental revenues

• Provides employment opportunities
• Generates foreign exchange
• Increases Incomes
• Increases GNP
• Can be built on existing infrastructure
• Develops an infrastructure that will also help
  stimulate local commerce and industry

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Benefits of Tourism- Social

• Broadens educational and cultural horizons
• Improves quality of life - higher incomes and
  improved standards of living
• Justifies environmental protection and
  improvement
• Provides tourist andrecreational facilitiesthat
  may be used bya local population

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Benefits of Tourism- Cultural

• Reinforces preservation of heritage and
  tradition
• Visitor interest in local culture provides
  employment for artists, musicians and other
  performing artists enhancing cultural heritage
• Breaks down language barriers, sociocultural
  barriers, class barriers, racial barriers,
  political barriers, and religious barriers
• Creates a favorable worldwide image for a
  destination
• Promotes a global community
• Promotes international understanding and peace

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Disadvantages of Tourism- Economic

• Develops excess demand
• Results in high leakage
• Creates difficulties of seasonality
• Causes inflation
• Can result in unbalanced economic development
• Increases vulnerability to economic and political
  changes

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Disadvantages of Tourism- Social

• Creates social problems
• Degrades the natural physical environment and
  creates pollution
• Degrades the cultural environment
• Threatens family structure
• Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts
• Creates misunderstanding
• Creates conflicts in the host society
• Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and
  transportation problems