And the problems of tolerance

1
Wales

• And the problems of tolerance

Cymru am byth (Welsh)"Wales Forever"
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Map of Wales
3
Geography

• Wales is located on a peninsula in central-west
  Great Britain. Its area, the size of Wales, is
  about 20,779 km² (8,023 square miles - about the
  same size as Massachusetts, Slovenia or El
  Salvador and about a quarter of the size of
  Scotland). It is about 274 km (170 miles)
  north-south and 97 km (60 miles) east-west. Wales
  is bordered by England to the east and by sea in
  the other three directions the Môr Hafren
  (Bristol Channel) to the south, St. George's
  Channel to the west, and the Irish Sea to the
  north. Altogether, Wales has over 1,200 km (750
  miles) of coastline. There are several islands
  off the Welsh mainland, the largest being Ynys
  Môn (Anglesey) in the northwest.
• The main population and industrial areas are in
  South Wales, consisting of the cities of Cardiff
  (Caerdydd), Swansea (Abertawe) and Newport
  (Casnewydd) and surrounding areas, with another
  significant population in the north-east around
  Wrexham (Wrecsam).

4
Demography

• The population of Wales in the 2001 census was
  2,903,085, which has risen to 2,958,876 according
  to 2005 estimates. This would make Wales the
  132nd largest country by population if it were a
  sovereign state.
• According to the 2001 census, 96 of the
  population was White British, and 2.1 non-white
  (mainly of Asian origin). 4 Most non-white
  groups were concentrated in the southern cities
  of Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. Welsh Asian
  communities developed mainly through immigration
  since World War II. More recently, parts of Wales
  have seen an increased number of immigrants
  settle from recent EU accession countries such as
  Poland - although some Poles also settled in
  Wales in the immediate aftermath of World War II.
• Roald Dahl Plass, Cardiff
• In the 2001 Labour Force Survey, 72 of adults in
  Wales considered their national identity as
  wholly Welsh and another 7 considered themselves
  to be partly Welsh (Welsh and British were the
  most common combination). A recent study
  estimated that 35 of the Welsh population have
  surnames of Welsh origin (5.4 of the English
  population and 1.6 of the Scottish also bore
  'Welsh' names). 5 However, some names
  identified as English (such as 'Greenaway') may
  be corruptions of Welsh ('Goronwy'). Other names
  common in Wales, such as 'Richards', may have
  originated simultaneously in other parts of
  Britain.
• In 2001 a quarter of the Welsh population were
  born outside Wales, mainly in England about 3
  were born outside the UK. The proportion of
  people who were born in Wales differs across the
  country, with the highest percentages in the
  South Wales Valleys, and the lowest in Mid Wales
  and parts of the north-east. In both Blaenau
  Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil 92 were Welsh-born,
  compared to only 51 in Flintshire and 56 in
  Powys. 6 One of the reasons for this is that
  the locations of the most convenient hospitals in
  which to give birth are over the border in England

5
History

• Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between
  the Welsh and English, though the Welsh would
  recover by the 12th century the area between the
  Dee and the Conwy known then as the Perfeddwlad.
  By the 8th century the eastern borders with the
  Anglo-Saxons had broadly been set.
• Following the successful examples of Cornwall in
  722 and Brittany in 865, the Britons of Wales
  made their peace with the Vikings and asked the
  Norsemen to help the Britons fight the
  Anglo-Saxons of Mercia to prevent an Anglo-Saxon
  conquest of Wales. In 878 AD the Britons of Wales
  unified with the Vikings of Denmark to destroy an
  Anglo-Saxon army of Mercians. Like Cornwall in
  722, this decisive defeating of the Saxons gave
  Wales some decades of peace from Anglo-Saxon
  attack. In 1063, the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap
  Llywelyn made an alliance with Norwegian Vikings
  against Mercia which, as in 878 AD was
  successful, and the Saxons of Mercia defeated. As
  with Cornwall and Brittany, Viking aggression
  towards the Saxons/Franks ended any chance of the
  Anglo-Saxons/Franks conquering their Celtic
  neighbours.

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Map of Welsh-speakers
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Languages

• The official languages in Wales are Welsh and
  English. English is spoken by almost all people
  in Wales and is the de facto main language (see
  Welsh English). However, northern and western
  Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as
  a first language by the majority of the
  population, and English is learnt as a second
  language. Wales is officially bilingual, with
  21.7 of the population able to speak or read
  Welsh to some degree (based on the 2001 census
  questionnaire) although only 16 claim to be able
  to read, write and speak Welsh and a larger
  proportion having some knowledge of the Welsh
  language according to a 2004 language survey.
  Today there are very few truly monoglot Welsh
  speakers, other than small children, but
  individuals still exist who may be considered
  less than fluent in English and rarely speak it.
  There were still many monoglots as recently as
  the middle of the 20th century.9 The Welsh
  Language Act 1993 and the Government of Wales Act
  1998 provide that the Welsh and English languages
  should be treated on a basis of equality. Public
  bodies are required to prepare and implement a
  Welsh Language Scheme. Thus the Welsh Assembly,
  local councils, police forces, fire services and
  the health sector use Welsh as an official
  language, issuing official literature and
  publicity in Welsh versions (e.g. letters to
  parents from schools, library information, and
  council information). All road signs in Wales
  should be in English and Welsh, including both
  versions of place names in Wales where names or
  versions exist in both languages e.g. "Cardiff"
  and "Caerdydd".
• During the 20th century a number of small
  communities of speakers of languages other than
  English or Welsh, such as Bengali or Cantonese,
  have established themselves in Wales as a result
  of immigration. This phenomenon is almost
  exclusive to urban Wales. The Italian Government
  funds the teaching of Italian to Welsh residents
  of Italian ancestry. These other languages
  however have no official status, although public
  services may produce information leaflets in
  minority ethnic languages where there is a
  specific need, as happens elsewhere in the United
  Kingdom.
• Not only is Welsh and English spoken in North
  Wales but also a primarily Welsh language that is
  mixed with English called "Cofi". This language
  is primarily used in Caernarfon in the county of
  Gwynedd in North Wales. Caernarfon has the
  highest percentage of Welsh users in the entire
  country and is famous for its castle which is a
  world heritage site.

8
The Brecon Beacons
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(No Transcript)
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Welsh national clothing
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A church in Chester
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A street of the town))
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The End!
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