Project Overview

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ENVR-E115 11/20/07
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TRENDS AND POLICIES
Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty, Harvard Extension
School
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Outline of Lecture

• a. Global milestones in EM
• b. Development and environment trends
• c. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• d. Role of private sector in EM
• e. EM policies
• - water, energy forestry sectors
• f. International cooperation on EM

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A New Framework for Environmental
ManagementThe World we have created today as a
result of our thinking thus far has problems that
can not be solved by thinking the way we thought
when we created them-Albert Einstein
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a. GLOBAL MILESTONES
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GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1960s

• The Concept of Environment Emerging

1970s

• United Nations Conference on Human Environment,
  Stockholm (1972)
• United Nations Environment Program (1975)
• National environmental committees/agencies/minis
  tries
• Environment legislation standards

1980s

• UNEPs first high-level meeting (1982)
• World Commission on Environment Development
  (WCED) (1984-87)
• Bruntland Commission report, Our Common
  Future is released introducing the concept of
  sustainable development (1987)
• Issue of environment brought to political
  agenda and expanded to include more than
  pollution and conservation issues

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GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1990s

• 1991 Childrens Summit
• United Nations conference on Environment and
  Development (UNCED) in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
  (1992)
• WCED Report approved and Agenda 21 adopted
• Population summit (1992, Cairo)
• Social Summit (1995, Copenhagen)
• Womens Summit (1995, Beijing)
• World Trade Organization established (1995)
• Human Settlement, HABITAT (1996, Istanbul)
• World Food Summit (1996, Rome)
• Rio 5 conference convened to review the
  progress of implementing UNCED ( 1997, NY)

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GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• Millennium Summit (2000, New York)
• World Food Summit (2001, Rome)
• International Conference on Freshwater (2001,
  Bonn)
• Financing for Development, high-level
  conference (2002, Monterrey, Mexico)
• World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD
  2002, Johannesburg, South Africa)
• World Summit on MDGs (2005), New York
• WSSD Follow-up (2007) ?

2000s
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b. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TRENDS
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World GDP Growth
Source The Economics (2002) How many planets?
A survey of the Global Environment, July 6, 2002.
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Access to Water Sanitation in the Third World
Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines
are best fit.
Source Bjorn Lomborg(2001)
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Infectious Disease Death Rates
Source Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)
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Infant Mortality
Infant Mortality per 1000 live births
Source Bjorn Lomborg(2001)
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Better Lives-Past 30 Years
Source UNEP, GEO3 (2002)
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c.Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

• Goal 1 Reduce poverty hunger
• Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education
• Goal 3 Promote gender equality
• Goal 4 Reduce child mortality
• Goal 5 Improve maternal health
• Goal 6 Combat major diseases
• Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
• Goal 8 Develop global partnership
• www.unmillenniumproject.org (2005)

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Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)
POVERTY Goal The proportion of people living in
extreme poverty in developing countries should
be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and
2015.
Website www.developmentgoals.org
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MDGs
ENVIRONMENT Goal The proportion of the
population without access to an improved water
source should be reduced by at least on-half
between 1990 and 2015.
Website www.developmentgoals.org
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And the greatest obstacles to achieve these
goals are the tariffs and subsidies and barriers
that isolate people of developing nations from
the great opportunities of the 21st
centuryThe United States is ready to
eliminate all tariffs, subsidies and other
barriers to free flow of goods and services as
other nations do the same. This is key to
overcoming poverty in the worlds poorest
nations. It is essential that we
promoteprosperity and opportunity for all
nations- President Bush
World Summit 2005, NY
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We can not stand here five years from now, only
to promise again to redouble our efforts. It is
time to deliver. This calls for developing
countries to improve performance and developed
countries to fulfill their promise to increase
aid. It calls for dismantling trade barriers and
eliminating subsidies, that hurt the farmers and
small businesses. And it calls for strengthening
the private sector and encouraging a vibrant
civil society in developing countries-President,
The World Bank
World Summit 2005, NY
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World Summit,2005 RecommendationsUN(2005)Inve
sting in development A practical plan to achieve
the MDGs

• Develop MDG-Based poverty strategies by 2006
• Scale-up pro-poor public investments, domestic
  resource mobilization and ODA
• Implement strategies in transparent and exclusive
  manner
• Identify a dozenfast-track countries for
  increase in ODA
• Jointly launch quick win actions to save lives
• Increase donor support for regional initiatives
• Increase ODA from 0.25 of GNP(1993) to
  0.44(2006) to 0.54(2015) to support MDGs
• Open markets to developing countries export by
  2006
• Mobilize support for for global scientific
  research(7b/yr by 2015)
• Strengthen coordination within the UN system
• __________________________________________________
  
• www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/recommendatio
  ns.htm

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d. Role of Private Sector Brian Nattrass
Mary Altomare (1999) The Natural Step for
Business, New Society PublishersChris Laszlo
(2003) The Sustainable Company Island
Publishers WBCSD (2005) Business solution in
support of MDGs
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Sustainability program for industriesRef The
Natural Step for Business (1999),p-16
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Private Sectors SD

• Establishment of WBCSD (1992) lt wbcsd.comgt
• Triple bottom line (1998) ltgreenbusiness.net/tripl
  e-bottom-line.htmlgt
• Dow Jones Sustainabilty Index (1999)
  ltsustainability-index.comgt
• The Equator Principles (2002) ltequator-principles
  .comgt
• Eco- labelling (2004)

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DJSI Criteria

• Criteria for indexing are
• Economic code of conduct, corruption/bribery,
  corporate governance,risk/crisis management
• Environmental eco-efficiency, env.reporting,mater
  ials used
• Social labor practice,occupational health, corp.
  responsibility,talent attraction, social reporting

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e. EM POLICIES

• WATER
• ENERGY
• FORESTRY

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Regional Water Trends

• Water has made immense contribution to economic
  human development
• Water has contributed to growth sustenance of
  ancient civilizations
• Per capita availability is low and is sharply
  decreasing
• Water stress (withdrawal against available water)
  is high and increasing
• Excessive water during monsoon cause flood
  contaminate water distribution systems and open
  bodies of water
• Reservoir capacity (as p.c. of annual water flow)
  is very small

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Overall Policy Objective

• To foster an integrated approach to water service
  delivery and to water resources management in and
  among the countries of the region

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Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Promoting effective national water policies and
  action programs
• Investing in water resource management in
  priority river basins.
• Improving water services through autonomous and
  accountable providers

Source ADB, 2001
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Core Elements of a Water Policy

• Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and
  conservation of water in society
• Increasing the mutually beneficial use of shared
  water resources within and between countries.
• Facilitating stakeholder consultation,
  participation, and partnerships
• Improve governance through capacity building,
  monitoring, and evaluation

Source ADB, 2001
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E N E R G YP O L I C Y
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Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Tackle environmental issues before (not after)
  they occur
• Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy
  supply
• Practice coal washing at the mines
• Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to
  create carbon sinks as well as to enhance
  fuelwood supply

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Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy

• Develop non-conventional sources of energy
  (solar, biomass, wind, etc.)
• Practice demand side management by energy
  conservation in industries, commercial
  residential installations
• Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy
  subsidy
• Take all safety measures in energy installations

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FORESTRYPOLICY
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Excessive and destructive logging
• Crop and livestock expansion
• Mangrove forests depletion
• Construction of roads through forest lands
• Growing rural population migrating onto forest
  land
• Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing policies

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR

• Reluctance of communities around forests to
  invest in forest management
• Forest fires and pests
• Increasing Intensity of floods
• Loss of biodiversity
• and wild-life habitat

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Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Promoting forest zoning regulations that
  differentiate between protection forests
  production forests
• Recognizing the impact of intersectoral
  development on the forestry sector
• Restrict terms of access to timber resources
• Encourage growth of high yielding species of
  industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected
  degraded forest and grasslands

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Core Elements of a Forest Policy

• Public consultations on forestry development
  especially with NGOs and local communities
• Reorient forest agencies to play an active role
  in the planning and management of forests.

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f. International Cooperation on EM

• Many organizations and agencies are involved-
  both UN and non-UN

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(No Transcript)
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Organizations and Entities Involved

• UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
• UNDP (United Nations Development Program)
• FAO (Food Agriculture Organization)
• ILO (International Labor Organization)
• UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific
  Cultural Organization)
• WHO (World Health Organization)
• WMO (World Meteorological Organization)
• IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
• WB (World Bank)

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Organizations and Entities

• WTO (World Trade Organization)
• UN/DESA (United Nations Department of Economic
  Social Affairs)
• UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund)
• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of
  Nature)
• WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
• UNCSD (United Nations Commission for Sustainable
  Development)
• IACSD (Interagency Committee on Sustainable
  Development)
• Others RDBs / IFAD / Bilaterals / NGPs / Private
  Foundations

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Global Sustainable Development Activities
FINANCING INSTITUTIONS
UN SYSTEM
COMMITTEES
CONFERENCES
OTHER
UNDP
FAO
PRIVATE ORGs
UNEP
NGOs
DIESA
Sustainable Development Concept, Operation,
Capacity Building, Coordination, Monitoring,
Financing, Advocacy
UNCSD
RCs
IACSD
WHO
GLOBAL CONFERENCES
WTO
IFAD
BILATERALS
RDBs
WORLD BANK
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Reform Revitalization of Global Organizations

• UN Charter Change
• Use Trusteeship Council
• Use Security Council
• Create World Environment Organization (WEO)
• Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Reform International Financing Institutions (IFI)
• Strengthen Coordination of existing organizations

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