Globalization and Community

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Globalization and Community

• October 12, 2005
• PSC 300.301

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Todays Class

• Revisit Friedman
• Discussion of chapter
• Alternative Arguments
• Conclusion
• Maybe critique the arguments
• What to take away
• Key Concepts
• Assumptions of the claims
• Effect of globalization on nationhood
• Effect of nationhood on sovereignty (internal
  external)

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Discussion

• Whats Scholtes message?
• How does it compare to Friedmans?
• homogenization
• Americanization
• Environmentalism/conservationism

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Friedman Revisited

• Claim
• Free market capitalism ? modernization
• Modernization ? Homogenization ? environmental
  degradation
• In the past homogenization regional in scope
• At present global Americanization
• Americanization trumps environment local
  cultures
• Assumptions
• Culture identity environment (or what
  anchors us)
• Land, nation, family, community, tribe, religion
• Effect is empire driven
• Linear trajectory

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• Effect of free-market capitalism on state
• Americanization
• Effect of Americanization on nationhood
• Resistance (Sovereignty)
• Backlash ? fundamentalism
• Palestine Israel
• Exit ? pay costs later
• Norway and the EU
• Adaptation (Revise sovereignty)
• Balance (Glocalism) ? cultural restraints, smart
  business, transnational alliances
• Kaiyapo community in Amazon
• Hybridity ? live with contradictions
• Russian woman on cell-phone in Nato by Coke
  machine

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• In Tension (Manage?)
• Opportunism ? Normative issue
• Cyberthugs
• Exploitation ? Normative issue
• Amazon sale of Mein Kampf
• Iterative trumping ? action w/ reaction
• Nuclear testing in India
• Critiques
• Is conservation possible given
• Competitiveness for FDI
• Capital flight from regulated areas
• Is technology regulation the way to go?
• Ie, is rationalism the only answer?
• Whats the result if we focus on iterative
  trumping
• Eg, oil conservation on developed countries?

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Scholte on Community

• Claim
• Supraterritoriality affects identity
• Identity change has effect on state sovereignty
• Destabilized state as framework for community in
  IR
• Effect is limited continuity and change
• Causal chain Supraterritoriality ? identity
  (nationhood) ? sovereignty ? world politics
• Assumptions
• Community ? culture ? identity
• Coincidence between state, nation sovereignty
• Identity as a historical construction
• ST has relative not full-blown effects

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• Effects of globalization on domestic culture
• Continued, but loose, nationhood
• Non-national collective identities
• Cosmopolitanism
• Hybrid identities
• Argument Nationhood is under threat
• Conditions for nationhood (and nation building)
• Large population (no face-2-face contact)
• Territorial claim
• Cultural uniqueness (homogeneity)
• Communitarianism (binary worldview)
• Examples Germany, France and Tanzania
• This is sovereignty as nationhood/nation building

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• Effect on nationhood
• Contestation of national identity (from within
  and outside)
• Autonomy
• (ethnonationalists, eg indigenous groups)
• Multiple allegiances
• (diasporic communities dual citizens)
• Reinforcement of the state from within
• Communitarianism (binary worldview)
• (xenophobic nationalism, fundamentalism)
• Cultural diversity (ethno-nations w/in
  boundaries)
• 2. Argument Non-territorial Collective
  identities threaten sovereignty
• Conditions solidarity among communities that are
• Non-contiguous
• Culturally non-homogeneous
• Not border/territory sharing
• Examples Religious, Gender, Sexual orientation,
  Class , Racial, Age

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• Effect of non-territorial identities on state
• Empower new groups
• Engender external solidarities
• Causes
• Marginalization of groups
• Ideological convergence (eg of elites)
• Backlash (of threatened groups)
• Argument Cosmopolitanism threatens sovereignty
• Conditions for cosmopolitanism
• Shared reference points
• Sense of intimacy with others

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• Cosmopolitanism effect on nationhood
• Norm diffusion globally
• Global public opinion
• Feeling at home anywhere in the world
• Empathy with those otherwise unlike us
• Causes
• Media (electronic tribes)
• Education (epistemic communities)
• Advocacy (Transnational actors)
• 4. Argument Hybridity threatens sovereignty
• Conditions for hybridity
• Multiple identities
• (nearly equal) allegiance to all identities
• Examples Nationalized Cuban American French
  Algerian born in the UK

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• Effect of hybridity on Sovereignty
• Lack of allegiance to one state
• Irreconcilable with communitarianism
• Causes
• Fragmented self (competing identities)
• Decentered self (representing many groups)

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Class Exercise Question

• Describe what comes to mind when you hear these
  places mentioned
• Nairobi (Kenya)
• Johannesburg (South Africa)
• Kigali (Rwanda)

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Alternative Arguments

• Claims
• Sovereignty is threatened
• Class identities across countries
• Assumptions
• Effects on culture more complex
• Cultural diversity and homogenization co-exist
• Distance leads to cultural reinterpretation of
  same message
• Eg Hurricane Katrina images in Caribbean
• Note
• Friedman is simple (linear)
• Scholte is complex (change and continuity)
• Alternatives (even more complexity)

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• Communitarianism
• Displaced allegiances
• Effect of immigrants on countries of origin
• Nations fragmented
• Alliance with foreigners over own people
• Indian Andhra Pradesh HP Project
• Life in hyper-real worlds
• Rural women belly dancers
• Eating in a Japanese restaurant in the US
• Message reinterpretation different
• From media television ? construction of
  identity

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Conclusion

• Concepts communitarianism and nationhood
• Nation, nationhood, and nation building
• Internal homogeneity
• Territorial contiguity
• communitarianism (us/them)
• us versus them feeling
• Relationship between culture, nationhood and
  sovereignty
• Diffuse cultures
• affects internal sovereignty
• incapacitates external sovereignty
• Claim
• Globalization ? culture/identity ? nationhood ?
  sovereignty
• Assumption
• Identity construction is on-going
• Difference is how this construction occurs