Environmental Exposure Scenario Metals

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Environmental Exposure ScenarioMetals
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Exposure Scenarios Content

• ESs should cover all life cycle phases (including
  end of life)
• Production of the metal and metal salts
• Downstream uses
• - alloy manufacturing
• - powder manufacturing
• - production of half fabricates (e.g, tubes)
• - plating
• Use of the substance in the production of
  articles
• Zn Oxyde in tires
• Co and Ni salts in batteries
• Cu and Zn alloys in roofing
• Electroplated cans
• Use phases (e.g, industrial and domestic uses)
• Disposal and/or recycling

Including Waste?
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Generic Production and Use Scheme for Metals
ESs should cover all life cycle phases
(including end of life)
1. DU
2. Artciles
3. End of Life
Inox Cans Catalysts, Tyres
Agricultural additives
Batteries
- Metal
Alloy Manufacturer Powder Manufacturer Tube
Manufacturer Steel Manufacturer Battery
Manufacturer Plating First DU
Inox Cans recycled Catalysts recycled
Tyres recycled/energy recovered Agricultu
ral additives NO
Batteries recycled/disposed
of
- Metal Oxide
Finished Metal
Cathode Production99
- Metal Salts
Ore
Anode Production98
- Metal Powders
Impurities
Impurities
H2SO4
Out of Scope
Production ES
Including Recycling/Waste?
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Exposure Scenario Drivers
Are the releases of Me ions and formation of
metal compounds from massives to be considered

• Principle
• If hazardous chemical/metal species are released
  than the ecotoxicity profile of the released
  species is to be considered.
• NB Hazard classification for the Environment for
  massive and powdery materials can be different
  for inorganics.

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Ecotoxicity Profile Description

• Ecotoxicity profile considerations
• 1. The metal/metal compounds are naturally
  occurring
• Consider the range of background levels in
  water, sediments, spoils, air across Europe
• If the metal/metal compound is an essential
  element
• Consider the homeostatic ranges in water
  (freshwater and marine), soil, sediment if
  available
• 2. Environmental Hazard classification (see SDS)
• Provide classification info for massive metal and
  released metal species and forms (metal
  particles, sparingly soluble metal compounds
  and/or soluble metal compounds) as applicable
• If available provide a Classification entry
  depending on the particle size of the metal
• Identify if ES is needed

But metal compounds are other substances?!
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Ecotoxicity Profile Description- ctd

• If exposure scenario needed, then
• Define Chronic and Acute Threshold Values (RAR)
• Read across Principles Usually Me ions toxic
  species (but a validation is required) gt this
  only assumes soluble species and this is not
  always the case)
• Threshold Value Me ions
• The PNEC is derived as proposed in MERAG
• Tier 1 Dissolved PNEC
• Tier 2 If further refinement is needed,
  corrections can be made, if applicable, for
  environmental conditions bioavailability (see
  fate) and background levels.
• Compartments to be considered are
• - Water (freshwater and marine), sediment, soil
  and sewage treatment plants

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Fate Profile Description- Key Metal Issues

• 1. Solubility
• If no information on solubility is available, the
  metal/metal compound is considered as soluble
  (based on a minimum solubility)
• If Mass-specific release ratios (MSRR) in water
  are available (see MERAG), these can be used
• 2. Fate parameters
• If no information on fate parameters is
  available, the default values from the TGD are
  used
• - Dilution factor 10 for freshwater, 100 for
  marine waters. If local dilution factors are
  available, these can be used.
• - Kd W/Sed kd W/soil an average value is
  used as a default value. If local information is
  available, this can be used.
• -Degradability Metals are not degradable but
  changes in speciation and bioavailability of
  relevance for the ES CSA

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Fate Profile Description- Key Metal Issues-ctd

• 3. toxicity modulating bioavailability
  parameters (if models are available)
• If relevant information is available and if
  bioavailability models have been
  developed/validated, the environmental conditions
  can be considered for bioavailability.
• The most relevant bioavailability parameters
  are
• - water pH, H, DOC (eg BLM)
• - sediment OC and AVS
• - Soil, pH, CEC
• If no bioavailability models are avaible,
  the use of metal speciation models (abiotic) can
  be used (eg WHAM for surface waters)

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Tiered scheme effects, fate exposure

• Effects Fate Exposure
• Tier 1 Dissolved TGD default All
  soluble
• Tier 2 WHAM, Real fate
  metal-form
• Bioavailability (DF, Kd, OC,) specific
  releases
• quantify release

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Description and Quantification of Production,
Downstream Use and End of Life Scenarios

• Production process schemes
• Annual production volumes nr of production days
• Production and use geographical spread
• Potential release compartments
• Water/sediment
• Soil
• Air
• WWTP
• Exchanges between compartments
• Solid waste treatment Management
• Release patterns point/fugitive
• Risk Management Method (BAT)

Waste?
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Quantification of the Exposure Production and
Manufacturing

• Information Sources
• Existing RAs, Local permit, BREF notes, Cie
  data, National emissions inventories, EUSES fate
  model
• Generate a Table with
• Actual emission factors (mg/m3. tonnage produced)
  defined by BAT( if needed)
• BAT possibilities and emission reductions
  using the emission reduction equipment
• Total Release rates (using average daily
  production), with BAT measures
• Concentrations in receiving environment
• (with BAT, if applicable)

EUSES model
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Example of the iterative approach Water
Pollution Concern
Emission Scenario
Risk management measure
Emission Estimate
Me release to water
Default Dilution factor
Risk Characterization
Iteration step with an extra RMM
Clocal (Me) Diluton factor
Clocallt PNEC ?
NO
YES gt OK
NO gt Refinement Apply partitioning Clocal,
dissolved lt PNEC ?
NO gt Refinement Apply bioavailability Clocal,
bioav.lt PNEC ?
NO gt Refinement Apply real dilution factor
Clocallt PNEC ?
YES gt OK
YES gt OK
YES gt OK
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Description and quantification of consumers use
scenarios within the consortium
Completeness of the exposure depends on size of
consortia

• If exposure scenario needed, then
• What are the major uses?
• Will these uses lead to releases to water, air,
  soil?
• 2a. ES finished 2b. Information on in use
  tonnage?
• Quantify the exposure directly
• (based on emission factor)
• 3 In use  tonnage estimation based on market
  data
• Quantify the exposure (based on
  emission factor)

NO
yes
yes
NO
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Description and quantification of Industrial and
consumer use scenarios within the consortium
integrated modelling
2.In use T known
3.In use T estimated
1. Exposure?
Combined Exposure?
Reference year?
4.Quantify exposure (based on emission factors)
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Quantification of the Exposure ScenarioConsumer
use

• Information sources
• -RAs, national emission inventories and EUSES
• Regional assessment
• Emission Factors for the considered use scenario
  (eg metal from transport µg Me/km driven.yr)
• Activity of the use scenario in the region
• Total release on an annual basis in the region
  (kg Me/yr).
• Modelled Concentration in the receiving
  environments
• Measured concentrations in receiving environments

EUSES model
Reality check considering natural background
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Example of a final exposure scenario

• Name of the activity eg smelting
• Description The smelting process is conducted in
  a series of furnaces which are supervised and
  operated on a highly automated basis. In terms of
  environmental releases, this process may contain
  other activities, e.g. material handling,
  storage,..
• Duration and frequency of activity 365 days/yr,
  24hours/day
• BAT related to risk reduction measures
• Water - avoid direct release to water. If
  releases to water apply, waste water treatment
  prior to releases to surface water (to be
  specified)
• Air - apply filters on furnace stacks
• - avoid dust upwelling, apply humifiers as
  needed - avoid fugitive emissions through
  containment
• Soil - limit waste, e.g. by maximising process
  efficiency and recycling
• - maximise containment of raw materials
  e.g. avoid uncovered outdoor storage

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Key Questions

• Waste to be included?
• How to deal with the formation of other
  substances in the supply chain? Another
  substance file?
• How do we deal with the non-classification of
  massives vs powders and metal compounds to
  determine the need for an exposure scenario?
• Do we need to combine exposures of down-stream
  users?
• Completeness of the exposure based on the
  coverage of the consortium?
• Reference year?
• For reasons of clarity use of monitoring data
  vs modelled data for exposure scenarios

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MERAG conceptual scheme