Seven Skills of Crew Resource Management

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Seven Skills of Crew Resource Management
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We Dont Crash By Compartments
This CAP instructor pilot was giving two other
CAP pilots mountain flying training. Restrictions
associated with flying course reversal maneuvers
close to terrain were briefed during the ground
training session earlier that day. However,
during the flight, eye witnesses observed the
airplane doing several course reversal maneuvers
in a draw at a very low altitude above the trees.
They failed to follow procedures. Three CAP
members dead.
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Seven Skills of CRM

• Mission / Flight Analysis
• Assertiveness
• Decision Making
• Communication
• Leadership
• Adaptability and Flexibility
• Situational Awareness

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Mission / Flight Analysis

• What is Mission / Flight Analysis?
• Phases of Mission / Flight Analysis
• Preflight
• In-flight
• Post flight
• Preflight Analysis
• Planning
• Preparation
• Briefing

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Mission / Flight Analysis

• Briefing continued
• Characteristics of an Effective Brief
• Professional
• Stay Focused
• Assigns Responsibilities
• Interactive
• Complete

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Mission / Flight Analysis

• In-Flight Mission Analysis
• Short-term Planning
• Monitoring Mission Progress
• Identifying and Reporting Challenges or Changes
• Post Mission Analysis
• Selective Review
• Interactive
• Timely

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Assertiveness

• What is Assertiveness?
• Comfort Level
• Behavior Continuum
• Barriers to Assertiveness
• Position of Authority
• Experience
• Rank
• Lack of Confidence
• Fear of Reprisal

Do you think the CAP student pilot was
comfortable with the instructor pilots decision
to take off from the taxiway? The student was
seriously injured but lived. The instructor
pilot died.
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Decision Making

• What is Decision Making?
• Assessing the Problem
• Verifying Information
• Identifying Solutions
• Anticipating Consequences of Decisions
• Informing Others of Decision and Rationale
• Evaluation Decisions

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Communication
You dont need audio to hear what our pilot is
saying.

• What is Communication?
• Types of Communication
• Verbal (Involves words)
• Non-Verbal (Everything but words)
• Process of Communication
• Senders Responsibility
• Communicate in the Appropriate Mode
• Verbal versus Non-Verbal
• Convey Information Accurately and Concisely
• Provide Information at the Appropriate Time
• Request Verification or Feedback

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Communication

• Receivers Responsibility
• Actively Listen
• Active verses Passive Role
• Take Action as a Result of Communication
• Answer or Respond to Communication
• Ask for Clarification of Unclear Communication

The PIC in the right seat allowed the
pilot-qualified scanner in the left seat to fly
the search. The pilot thought he saw something
and wanted another look. The PIC told him to
turn right (away from terrain). He turned left
and crashed. Two dead and one seriously burned.
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Communication

• Barriers to Communication
• Noise
• Rank or Experience
• Task Overload
• Gender
• Attitude
• Culture
• Actively Listen
• Active verses Passive Role
• Take Action as a Result of Communication
• Answer or Respond to Communication
• Ask for Clarification of Unclear Communication

What Barriers to communication could have
contributed to this accident?
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Leadership

• What is Leadership
• Types of Leadership
• Designated Leadership
• Responsible
• Makes Final Decision
• Normal Mode of Leadership
• Functional Leadership
• Leadership by Knowledge or Expertise
• Occurs When the Need Arises

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Leadership

• Responsibilities of Leadership
• Crew Performance
• Direct Actions
• Ask for Assistance

Note tree in the cockpit. A few feet back and it
would have been a riveting experience.
The check pilot allowed the examinee to touch
down half way down the runway with excessive
airspeed. They attempted a go around after it
was apparent they could not stop the airplane
short of the trees at the end of the runway. The
go around didn't work out. Both survived by the
grace of God.
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Leadership

• Traits of an Effective Leader
• Respected
• Decisive
• Delegates Tasks
• Provides Feedback
• Leads by Example
• Keeps Crew Informed
• Open to Suggestions
• Builds Team Spirit
• Directs and Coordinates Activities
• Maintains a Professional Atmosphere
• Knowledgeable of how to do the Mission

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Adaptability Flexibility

• What is Adaptability and Flexibility?
• Situations That Require Quick Action
• When Un-briefed Situations Arise
• When a Routine Mission Becomes an Emergency
• When Transitions Occur
• When a Crew Member is Incapacitated
• When Interactions Are Strained

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Adaptability Flexibility

• Maintaining Adaptability and Flexibility
• Anticipate Problems
• Recognize and Acknowledge any Changes
• Offer Alternative Solutions
• Provide and Ask for Assistance
• Interact Constructively with Others

This cadet orientation pilot allowed the air
traffic situation to rush his take off and climb.
He stalled and spun on his turn to crosswind
leg. 1 senior member 2 cadets dead.
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Adaptability Flexibility

• Setting the Tone for Adaptability and Flexibility
• Establish an Open, Professional Atmosphere
• Ensure the Crew Understands the Mission

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Situational Awareness

• What is Situational Awareness?
• Perception Versus Reality
• View of the Situation
• Incoming Information
• Expectations and Biases
• Incoming Information Versus Expectations

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Situational Awareness

• Factors That Reduce Situational Awareness
• Insufficient Communication
• Fatigue / Stress
• Task Overload
• Task Under Load
• Press On Regardless Philosophy

This CAP pilot was turned down by several flight
release officers for a return flight from a
SAR/EX because the mountain wave turbulence had
been reported by several pilots to be bad. He
finally found a flight release officer to release
him and his non-pilot passenger. His airplane
never made it over the ridge. Two dead.
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The End