Following Billings Lead

1
Following Billings Lead

• Daniel Read (1757 - 1836 - Attleborough, Mass)
• Lived in New Haven, Conn.
• Revolutionary War soldier, storekeeper and comb
  maker and singing master who compiled and
  published sacred music.
  
• American Singing Book (his own compositions)
  contained many fuging tunes. These were
  considered to be too crude and too lively for
  church. You be the judge!
• Providence
• A fuging tune first published in 1787
• Amity
• A fuging tune
• How pleasant is to seeKindred and friends
  agree,Each in their proper station move,FUGING
  SECTIONAnd each fulfill their part,With
  sympathizing heart,In all the cares of life and
  love.

2
After Billings

• Samuel Holyoke (1762 - 1820)
• Born in Boxford, Mass.
• Graduated from Harvard in 1789 (his uncle was
  president of Harvard College)
  
• Had worked as a bandmaster and compiled a
  collection of his own sacred music, and had
  contributed to The Massachusetts Magazine
  
• Probably played clarinet and knew the
  professional musicians in Boston
  
• Columbian Repository of Sacred Harmony (732
  compositions)
  
• Because he was a singing school teacher and
  schoolmaster his prestige was confined to the
  provincial environment
  
• He became a casualty rather than a leader in
  reform
  
• Quintetto, movement I attributed to Holyoke
• 1800 published the Instrumental Assistant

3
The Attack

• Andrew Law (degrees from Rhode Island College
  and Yale)
  
• Select Harmony (1779 ) contained few American
  compositions
  
• Musical Primer (1793) contained an attack on
  native composition and singing (see defective
  music HAM pp. 161)
  
• Thomas Hastings (1784 - 1872) (Led the village
  choir and local musical society since he was 18)
  
• a central figure in the reform movement
• Musica Sacra or, Springfield and Utica
  Collections United (1819) almost 20 editions -
  no New England Repertory

4
The Moving Force of the Reform

• Lowell Mason (January 8, 1792)
• son of a church-choir singer
• grandson of a singing school teacher
• attended singing school
• Bank Clerk in Savannah, Georgia in 1812
• organist and choirmaster at the Independent
  Presbyterian Church
  
• compiled a collection of church music
• October 10, 1821, collection published by the
  Boston Handel and Haydn Society Boston Handel
  and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music

5

• Lowell Mason from a photograph about 1850. It
  was presented by Mason at a summer normal
  institute to J. Thomas Tilson who later named his
  son Lowell Mason Tilson. L.M. Tilson became a
  music teacher at Indiana State Teachers College

6
Mason gains Fame

• book earned 4000 in five years
• 22 editions
• 50,000 copies
• compositions attributed to these and others
• Tallis
• Corelli
• Haydn
• Handel
• Mozart
• Beethoven

7
Masons Address in 1825

• Children must be taught music, as they are
  taught to read
  
• Simple, easy, solemn pieces
• Bethany (Nearer My God to Thee)
• Missionary Hymn (From Greenlands Icy
  Mountains)
  
• Olivet (My Faith Looks Up to Thee)
• Most successful hymn writer of the entire 19th
  century

8
Masons Hymns

• the ME Church Hymnal of 1878 contains 68 original
  hymns and 22 arrangements of tunes by other
  composers
  
• the Methodist Hymnal of 1935 contains 32 of his
  hymns
  
• the 1940 hymnal of the Episcopal Church contains
  8 of his hymns
  
• 1827 - music director in three Boston churches
  (as well as a bank teller)
  
• President of the Handel and Haydn Society
  1827-1832

9
Handel and Haydn Society

• The Handel Haydn Society was founded in 1815 by
  a group of Boston merchants dismayed by the
  quality of musical performances in their city.
  The name of the Society reflects the founders'
  wish to bring Boston audiences the best of the
  old (Handel) and the best of the new (Haydn) in
  concerts of the highest artistic quality.
  Throughout its history, HH has brought the
  world's most beautiful music, and the greatest
  artists, to Boston, setting a standard for
  orchestral and choral performances that remains
  unparalleled.
• Grant Llewellyn was appointed Music Director of
  the Handel Haydn Society, a position he assumed
  in the 2001-2002 season.

10
Mason and the Public Schools

• determined to bring universal musical literacy
• began with singing schools in Boston
• Boston Academy of Music (1832)
• 1500 children took advantage of the free lessons
• taught at the Hawes School without charge
• appointed Superintendent of Music in the Boston
  Public Schools in 1838
  
• Boston became the first American town in which
  musical training became a part of the normal
  instruction of children

11
Mason and the Public Schools

• remained Superintendent until 1845
• wrote music books for use in the Boston Schools
• Music Exercises for Singing Schools (1838)
• The Boston School Song Book (1840)
• his book Carmina Sacra sold more than 500,000
  copies through its 13 editions between 1841 and
  1860
  
• Mason became a wealthy man - the first to become
  so in America through music

12
Summary

• Mason was a composer, educator, organist,
  lecturer, compiler, and essayist
  
• his hymns sank into American culture
• Mason was one of the most successful composers in
  the 19th century
  
• the main issue with Mason and other reformers
  was the manner of singing, not the tunes
  themselves
  
• music should be a literate art non literate
  music was inferior to literate music universal
  literacy was the only way to improve the art in
  America

13
Lowell Mason in Hymns

• 170 Now from the alter of my heart
• 219 Lord, pour thy spirit
• 254 From Greenlands icy mountains
• 440 Watchman, tell us of the night
• 449 My faith looks up to thee
• 465 Nearer, my God, to thee
• 495 Blest be the tie that binds Our hearts
• The Ames Hymn Collection

14
After Mason

• 100 years after Regular Singing was introduced
  into New England churches, Law, Hastings, Mason,
  and Bradbury sought to accomplish a second
  reform
• William B. Bradbury (1816 - 1868)
• went through the Boston Academy of Music
• published 60 books aimed at the same markets as
  Mason
  
• second only to Mason in hymn tunes
• 3 hymns included in the 1940 Episcopal Hymnal
• sold more than 2,000,000 copies of his various
  publications

15
William B. Bradbury

• William B. Bradbury (1816-68) published hundreds
  of pieces in a variety of vocal genres.
  
• More than three million copies of his works
  sold
  
• His compositions rivaled in popularity the songs
  of Stephen Collins Foster (1826-64).
  
• 255,000 copies of Bradbury's best-known
  composition, an oratorio, Esther, the Beautiful
  Queen, were in circulation only ten years after
  its publication in 1856.
• Born into a family of dedicated amateur
  musicians, Bradbury studied at Lowell Mason's
  famous Academy of Music, located in Boston.
  

16
William B. Bradbury

• By 1840 he had established himself in New York
  where he offered singing classes for children and
  served as a church organist and choir director.
  
• He became one of the first American musicians to
  study abroad and met Jenny Lind, Franz Liszt,
  Ludwig Spohr, and Robert and Clara Schumann.
  
• began conducting "musical conventions" which
  gathered together hundreds of participants for
  huge singing and music literacy classes.
  
• 1849, Bradbury accepted a prestigious post as
  organist and choir director of New York's
  Broadway Tabernacle.
  

17
William B. Bradbury

• He was soon in demand as a conductor throughout
  the East and Midwest.
  
• In the 1850s, he expanded his teaching
  activities to include the instruction of harmony
  at various normal institutes established
  expressly for music teacher training.
• With Mason and George Frederick Root, Bradbury
  dominated the emerging field of public music
  education as well as the development and
  dissemination of popular church music and
  accessible choral works.
• Bradbury wrote 921 hymns, compiled and published
  59 tune-books, and wrote numerous articles for
  various periodicals on church music,
  compositional technique, and music education.

18
William B. Bradbury

• His two best known compositions are "Jesus Loves
  Me", which is still sung by children today, and
  "Just As I Am". 
  
• 
  Bloomfield
  Cemetery, Essex County, New Jersey, USA

19
William B. Bradbury Hymns

• Away! Away!
• The Ames Hymn Collection

20
George Frederick Root

• Born in Sheffield, Massachussets in 1820.
• Musical abilities included mastering thirteen
  different instruments by the age of 12.
  
• Became a voice instructor in Boston.
• Partner in the Chicago-based music publishing
  firm of Root and Cady.
  
• During the Civil War Root composed patriotic
  songs for the Union war effort.
  
• "The Battle Cry of Freedom," "Just Before the
  Battle, Mother," and "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!
  
• George Root died in 1895, 75 years of age.

21
Utopian Communities

• Three groups were known for their music
• The Ephrata Community
• Founded in Pennsylvania by Conrad Beissel
• The Moravians
• Also in Pennsylvania
• The Shakers
• In New York under the leadership of Ann Lee
• These separatist communities represent early
  centers of musical creativity in the United States

22
Utopian Communities

• Ephrata Cloister
• Led by Conrad Beissel in 1732
• Similar to Dominican monks
• Later became known as German Seventh-Day
  Baptists
  
• Developed a unique harmonic system
• Learning to play the violin in Europe, Beissel
  taught music at the Cloister and wrote hundreds
  of songs. Many others also devoted themselves to
  poetry and music. Their choir became widely
  known. Over thirty people were involved in
  writing hymns and the printing shop soon began
  producing hymnals,
• This former religious colony is now a museum.
• They became known for their music, calligraphy
  and printing. Following the death of the last
  celibate member in 1813, the married congregation
  formed the German Seventh-Day Baptist Church.

23
Utopian Communities

• The members dressed like monks, although in
  white robes

24
Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers

• The Shakers, or United Society of Believers in
  Christs Second Appearance
  
• The first Shakers, led by Ann Lee, came to
  America from Manchester, England, in 1774 seeking
  a place to freely practice their religious
  beliefs. Near Albany, New York, they established
  the foundation for a unique sect which has
  endured for more than 220 years
• During a long imprisonment, Ann had a revelation
  that she was the Second Coming of Christ
  

25
Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers

• Simple Gifts
• Long before Copland included it in Appalachian
  Spring, Elder Joseph Brackett (1797-1882) sang
  and danced this tune with his coat tails
  flying.
• 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be
  free,
  
• 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to
  be,
  
• And when we find ourselves in the place just
  right,
  
• 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.
• When true simplicity is gained
• To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,
• To turn, turn will be our delight,
• 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

26
Utopian Communitiesthe Shakers

• Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
• Shaker Tune is unusual in that it is not
  modified and it is the only borrowed tune with
  variations
  
• The Shaker Tune Simple Gifts (after Copland) was
  adopted into the repertory of schools, churches
  and by folksingers
  
• the music always turns to simplicity
• Commissioned by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge
• title is from a poem by Hart Crane

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AARON COPLANDSAppalachian Spring

• written in 1943-1944 for Martha Graham
• scored for fl, cl, bn, pf, 4 vn, 2 va, 2vc, db
• Premiere in Wash., DC Oct. 30, 1944
• full orch. suite - 1945
• Copland orchestral know-how consists in keeping
  instruments out of each others way
  
• never conventional
• uses irregular rhythms (5/8 and 7/8) but never
  for an entire movement

28
Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians

• The Moravians reached the New World in the 1730s
• Established a settlement in Pennsylvania called
  Bethlehem
  
• Another community was founded in Salem, NC, in
  1753 (Winston-Salem)
  
• Their musical culture came from Europe
• Their music developed in isolation, unaffected by
  other American traditions
  

29
Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians

• Bethlehem
• An Indian Chief buried to music in 1746
• 1780 - an orchestra of violins, violas, cellos,
  horns, flutes, trumpets, oboes
  
• Church music was emphasized
• Trombone choirs
• Organ building
• The communities were organized into choirs - with
  the sexes separated
  
• The music
• Music from pre-classical Europe was performed
• Moravian composers wrote many pieces

30
Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians

• Composers
• Johann Friedrich Peter, Johannes Herbst, Jeremiah
  Dencke,
  
• Haydns Creation performed in 1811 (the first
  performance of this work in North America)
  
• The quality of the music was praised by
• John D. Ogden in 1800
• Benjamin Franklin in 1756
• Henry Ellsworth in 1811
• The Moravians gave America
• The first American collegium musicum
• The first instruments built in America
• The first chamber music composed in America
• The first American performances of major European
  choral and orchestral works

31
Utopian Communitiesthe Moravians

• Johann Friedrich Peter (1746-1813)
• Considered the most gifted composer
• Composed about 70 anthems and 6 string quintets
• I Will Freely Sacrifice To Thee
• 2 horns and strings
• Simon Peter (1743-1819)
• A minister
• Look Ye, How My Servants Shall Be Feasting
• Solo soprano, double chorus and strings
• David Moritz Michael (1751-1827)
• Composed 14 Parthien for clarinets, horns,
  bassoons, flute, and trumpet
  
• Parthia 12
• Allegro Andante Menuet
  allegretto Presto

32
The Moravians in Salem

• Bishop Spangenberg chose to name the tract of
  land "Wachau," after the Zinzendorf family's
  estate in Austria. The word means "meadow along
  the Wach," a stream flowing through the Wachau
  valley in Austria. One of the branches of the
  Muddy Creek was ultimately called "Wach" by the
  Moravians, and the name of the entire tract
  ultimately was latinized to become "Wachovia."
  Today, that name lives on in the banking company
  headquartered in modern Winston-Salem.
• NPR Broadcast

33
The 26th N.C. Regimental Band, CSA

• Composed entirely of Moravians from Salem
• The only known complete sets of band books from a
  Confederate band in the American Civil War
  
• Duties included a morning performance, a nightly
  concert,m performance on Sunday inspection and
  during reviews, assist hospital attendants, help
  dress wounds, carry wood and water, assist with
  amputations
• Hundreds of tunes in the band books

34
The 26th N.C. Regimental Band, CSA

• Heres Your Mule - a favorite expression in the
  Confederate army
  
• A sutler known as Pies, because he specialized
  in pies and other edibles, did business from a
  small, dilapidated wagon drawn by a little, black
  shaggy mule, at the Camp of Instruction in
  Jackson, Tennessee. Some of the soldiers decided
  to play a joke on him - they stole his mule. .
  .and hid it in a tent. . .pretending nothing had
  happened. Pies, realizing his mule was missing,
  began to search while the word passed around that
  Pies had lost his mule. Calls of Mister,
  heres your mule were heard all over the camp
  and Pies hurried all over the camp looking for
  the mule. The mule was eventually returned and
  Mister, heres your mule went into the
  soldiers lexicon.