HOME AUTOMATION

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HOME AUTOMATION CONTROL

• John Errington

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WHY HOME AUTOMATION?

• Your security system knows all about your
  occupancy of the house. With a little more
  development it can build an intelligent expert
  system to predict your usage, and for example
  turn the alarm on if you forget.
• Your central heating programmer knows the
  standards of comfort you expect but doesnt
  know which rooms are in use.
• By linking just these two you could achieve a
  reduction in fuel costs and a better match to
  your requirements.

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APPLICATIONS

• The applications are limited only by your
  imagination
• Turning lights down / off at night.
• Operating outside lights
• Turning lights or radio on / off when someone
  approaches the house, simulating occupancy
• Operating television, hot water heater, kettle,
  toaster etc. ready for your use.
• Optimizing use of low cost electricity (economy
  7)
• Working with intelligent electrical white goods
  e.g. washing machine, fridge, microwave etc.

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WHAT IS HOME AUTOMATION?

• Home automation deals with providing a network in
  the house which links
• computers peripheral equipment,
• smart chip bearing household appliances (white
  goods) e.g. dish washers, washing machines,
  microwaves etc., and
• sub-systems like Heating, Ventilation,
  Air-conditioning (HVAC), and security systems.

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Showing some applications of X-10 and European
Home System (EHS) for home automation
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ADVANTAGES OF HOME AUTOMATION

• Flexibility Convenience
• Security
• Cost Saving
• Security
• Remote Control

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EXAMPLE OF APPLICATIONS FOR HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
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HISTORY EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

• Earliest home control systems were proposed by
  Hitachi Matsushita in 1978.
• First home automation blue prints and
  demonstrations held by Japanese Electrical
  Appliance manufacturers like Sanyo, Sony, Toshiba
  etc.
• Honeywells first demonstration house started in
  1978.
• American X 10 system appeared in 1979.
• Two rival programs CEBus and Smart House started
  in the early 1980s in the US.
• GE reported their multimedia home bus signaling
  protocol Homenet in 1983.
• Total Home system launched in 1992.
• GIS, Home Automation Ltd. MK Electric took the
  initiative in Europe.

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THE NEED FOR PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDISATION

• A definite set of rules were needed for products
  to communicate with each other and some sort of
  control unit was needed to control these various
  products.
• Resolving Contention
• Integrating various transmission media.
• System Architecture two alternatives
• Centralized Control
• Distributed Control

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HOME AUTOMATION AROUND THE WORLD
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TYPES OF HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

• PC-based system Requires a PC to be running at
  all times.
• Dedicated PC
• Shared PC
• Standalone system Runs without a PC, although
  may use a PC for programming
• Hybrid system Runs without a PC, but uses PC to
  add more functions.

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STANDARDS

• BatiBUS Club International (BCI)
• Bluetooth
• CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus)
• EIA-776
• EIB (European Installation Bus)
• EHS (European Home System)
• ETI (Extend the Internet Alliance)
• HAVI (Home Audio Visual Interoperability)
• HBS (Home Bus System)
• HES (Home Electronic System)
• Home API
• Home Plug Play

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STANDARDS - CONTINUED

• Home Plug Alliance
• Home PNA (Home Phoneline and network Alliance)
• Home RF (Home Radia Frequency working Group)
• JINI (The Jini Community)
• LonMark Interoperability Association
• OSGI (Open Service Gateway Initiative)
• Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
• Upnp (Universal Plug and Play)
• VESA (Video Electronics Standards Assoc.)
• PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATIONS
• HomeConnex-Peracom Networks , No New Wires-
  Intellon Corp, Lonworks-Echelon Corp.,
  Sharewave-Sharewave Inc. , X-10-X10 Inc.

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X-10 THE FATHER OF POWERLINE HOME AUTOMATION
PROTOCOLS

• X-10 is a communications protocol for remote
  control of electrical devices. Consists of X-10
  transmitters and receivers which communicate over
  the existing standard household wiring.
• X-10 is a trademark of X-10 USA and of X-10 Home
  Controls Incorporated (Canada).
• X-10 PLC technology was initially developed
  between 1976 and 1978 by engineers at Pico
  Electronics Ltd. in Scotland. A merger with BSR
  International established X-10 Ltd. in 1978.

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X-10 SPECIFICATIONS

• Transmitters and receivers plug into standard
  electrical outlets or are hardwired into
  electrical boxes.
• They have three main functions(turn on, turn off
  and dim)
• Simplest Transmitter A small control box with
  buttons to select the unit to be controlled and
  to select the control command to be sent.
• Programmable units having on board timers to
  select times at which control signals are sent.
  Programming is done with on board buttons or
  through PC.
• Special purpose X10 transmitters respond to
  motion, light or DTMF (telephone) tones
• Simplest Receiver A small module plugged into an
  electrical outlet provides controlled power to
  the controlled device. It has two dials to set
  the unit ID code on it.
• A relay inside switches on and off in response to
  X-10 commands directed to it. A lamp module has
  a triac instead of a relay.

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Examples of X-10 devices
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X-10 LIMITING RANGE OF TRANSMISSION

• The next slide shows how X10 uses bursts of
  120kHz signal superimposed onto the house mains
  supply, shown as one of the three supply phases.
• This means interference can only occur with one
  in three neighbouring houses.
• X10 also uses a house code (A P) that can be
  adjusted to be different to the remaining
  neighbours.

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X-10 Signals are sent at the zero crossing for
each phase of the electricity supply ensuring
successful communication
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X-10 SPECIFICATIONS CONTINUED

• X-10 specifies a total of 256 different
  addresses.
• Each transmitter is selectable by a unique house
  code out of a total of 16 house codes (A-P).
• Each transmitter can further handle a total of 16
  receiving units corresponding to 16 different
  unit codes (1-16)

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X-10 INTERFACE WITH A COMPUTER

• The PC can control the X-10 modules via the CP290
  Home Control Interface.
• Other X10 modules to interface computers directly
  to the power line are
• PL513 (send only)
• W523 (send receive) and
• PLIX (Power Line interface to X-10)

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X-10 TRANSMISSION DETAILS

• Each ONE bit in a legitimate X 10 transmission is
  a 1 millisecond(ms) pulse code modulated burst of
  120KHz on the AC line and each ZERO is the
  absence of such a burst. The burst is sent three
  times for each bit once at each AC zero crossing(
  accounting for zero crossing in 3-phase).
• Each bit is sent both true and complemented and
  each code sequence is sent twice to overcome the
  noise over the line.
• Bit sequence for a typical X10 transmission

1 1 1 0 H8 /H8 H4 /H4 H2 /H2 H1 /H1 D8 /D8 D4
/D4 D2 /D2 D1 /D1 F /F (start) (House
code) (Unit/Function code)
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X-10 Example of transmitted signal

• House and unit codes
• A 1 0000 I 9 1000
• B 2 0001 J 10 1001
• C 3 0010 K 11 1010
• D 4 0011 L 12 1011
• E 5 0100 M 13 1100
• F 6 0101 N 14 1101
• G 7 0110 O 15 1110
• H 8 0111 P 16 1111

• Leader 1110
• House code (A P) D 0011
• Unit code (1 16) 13 1100
• Function (1 on or 0 off)on 1

Transmitted signal 1110 01011010 10100101 10
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CEBus COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL

• A United States standard developed by the
  Electronics Industry Association (EIA).
• Resulted from the standardization of infrared
  signaling used for remote control of appliances
  to avoid incompatible or interfering formats.
• CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus) became an interim
  standard in 1992 and voting to make it a national
  standard commenced in 1995.
• Huge participation and interest in the CEBus
  protocol. Committee meetings were attended by
  more than 400 companies.

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FEATURES OF CEBus WHICH ALLOW FLEXIBILITY AND
COST CONTROL.

• Provide home automation for retrofit into
  existing houses.
• Encourages development of low cost interface
  units embedded in appliances for operation on
  CEBus media
• Accommodate a variety of data transmission media.
  Most aspects of device communications do not vary
  by medium.
• Supports the distribution of wide band audio and
  video services in a variety of analog and digital
  formats.
• Use of a distributed communications strategy for
  CEBus so no central controller is required for
  communications among appliances.
• Permit Plug and Play.
• Prioritize device access.

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NETWORK ARCHITECTURE IN THE CEBus PROTOCOL

• The CEBus standard accommodates the following
  transmission media
• Electric power line
• Twisted-pair wires
• Coaxial cable
• Infrared signaling
• Radio frequency signaling
• Fiber optics
• Audio-video bus

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ADVANTAGES OF CEBus

• Home automation can be installed without
  additional wiring
• Power line is used for data exchange and infrared
  or radio frequency used for remote control of
  devices.

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AEI EasyLife Home Control Pack

• Simple to install. Just plug in the adaptors and
  operate from the remote control
• Additionally you can control the adaptors from
  your PC
• Simple to program - Just insert the CD and follow
  the simple instructions
• Simple to control - just point and click on the
  icons with your mouse
• Transmits code through walls and ceilings
• Expandable using up to 60 Remote Automation
  adaptors including mains adaptors, bayonet
  fittings and wire in modules

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CONTROL CHANNEL SPECIFICATIONS

• All media carry the CEBus control channel and
  data transmission rate is common at 8000 bits per
  second.
• They can also carry data channels with high
  bandwidths.
• CEBus specifies a dual coaxial system.
• The format for CEBus control messages is
  independent of the communications medium used.

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CEBus Devices and Topology

• Supports flexible topology
• Offers broadcasting facility
• Uses Distributed Control.

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CEBus network showing three communication media
interconnected by routers.
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Block diagram of CEBus installation in home
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HOME ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (HES)

• Standard under development by a formal working
  Group sanctioned by the ISO and the
  IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission) of
  Geneva, Switzerland.
• GOAL
• To specify hardware and software so a
  manufacturer might offer one version of a product
  that could operate on a variety of home
  automation networks.
• Following components specified to accomplish the
  above goal
• Universal Interface
• Command Language
• HomeGate

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HES APPLICATION MODELS AND FUNCTIONAL SAFETY

• For devices to be interoperable choice of
  observability and controllability must be
  consistent among various devices.
• An application model describes the engineering
  aspects of a device that can be read, written, or
  executed via a home automation network.
• All safety critical messages sent over the
  network must be confirmed.
• IEC defines functional safety as the ability of a
  home control system to carry out the actions
  necessary to achieve and maintain an appropriate
  level of safety both under normal conditions and
  in case of a fault or hazard.

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HES SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• UNIVERSAL INTERFACE
• To achieve the goal of compatibility of any
  device with any other network the appliance has a
  universal interface that includes a standard
  data plug.

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HES COMPONENTS CONTD.

• HES Application Language
• The HES language must accommodate a superset of
  commands for the likely networks. It may not
  optimize operation on any one home automation
  system but it lowers costs when selling into a
  diverse market.
• Homegate
• The function of a gateway is primarily to
  translate between a wide area network (WAN)
  protocol and a local area network (LAN)

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HOME PLUG PLAY (HPnP)

• Seamless integration and interoperation of
  devices irrespective of the physical protocol.
• Use of CAL
• HPnP and protocols like CEBus provide a consumer
  with the convenience of buying a device and just
  plugging it in. The device just announces itself
  on the network and no other or minimal further
  programming is needed to make it work.
• Advantages
• Allows a consumer to control his home from home,
  work or from on the road. Coupled with CEBus
  protocol provides a connectivity unparalleled by
  any other methodology.
• Effort is being made to integrate CAL and IP.

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SWAP HomeRF Working Group

• The HRFWG was formed to provide the foundation
  for a broad range of interoperable consumer
  devices by establishing an open industry
  specification for wireless digital communication
  between PCs and consumer electronic devices
  anywhere in and around the home.
• For this they developed a protocol called the
  SWAP (Shared Wireless Access Protocol)
• This protocol gives the standard interoperability
  between many different consumer electronics
  devices as well as the flexibility and mobility
  of a wireless solution.
• Since its inception in March 1998 the membership
  now exceeds 90 companies.

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SHARED WIRELESS ACCESS PROTOCOL

• Allows PCs, peripherals, phones, and consumer
  electronics to communicate with one another
  without having to interconnect them with wires.
• SWAP operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band. Protocol
  architecture closely resembles the IEEE 802.11
  wireless LAN standards in the physical layer.
• In the MAC layer it adds a subset of DECT
  standards to provide voice services. As a result
  it can support both data and voice services.

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BENEFITS OF SWAP

• Allows shared access of Internet connections from
  anywhere in the house.
• Automatic intelligent routing of incoming
  telephone calls to one or more cordless handsets,
  FAX machines or voice mailboxes of individual
  family members.
• Cordless handset access to an integrated message
  system to review stored voice mail, FAXes and
  e-mail.
• Personal intelligent agents running on the PC for
  each family member, accessed by speaking into
  cordless handsets.
• Wireless LANs allowing users to share files and
  peripherals between one or more PCs.
• Spontaneous control of home security systems,
  heating and air conditioning systems from
  anywhere around the home.

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TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE SWAP SPEC

• HomeRF SWAP system is designed to carry both
  voice and data traffic and to interoperate with
  PSTN
• Supports both TDMA and CSMA/CA

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SWAP SYSTEM PARAMETERS

• Frequency hopping network - 50 hops per second
• Frequency range - 2400 MHz ISM band
• Transmission power - 100mW
• Data Rate 1 to 2 Mbps depending on type of
  modulation
• Range - covers typical home and yard
• Supported Stations Up to 127 devices per
  network
• Voice Connections Up to 6 full duplex
  conversations
• Data compression, Data security and 48 bit
  network ID

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SWAP NETWORK TOPOLOGY

• SWAP system can operate either as an ad-hoc
  network or as a managed network.
• The network can accommodate a maximum of 127
  nodes. These nodes can be a mixture of 4 basic
  types
• Connection Point
• Voice terminal
• Data node
• Voice and Data node.

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OTHER STANDARDS

• BatiBus
• A de facto European standard.
• BatiBUS is a single bus enabling
  intercommunications between all the modules
  (CPUs, sensors and actuators) in building control
  systems such as heating, air conditioning,
  lighting and closure functions. Medium is usually
  a twisted pair.
• User friendly protocol based on CSMA/CA
• HomePlug
• Another Powerline Alliance which uses Powerline
  as a communication medium.

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Resources

• www.x-10europe.com/ supplier of X-10 modules
• www.x-10.co.uk/
• www.kevinboone.com/home-automation.html
• www.easylife.co.uk/