OWLAA: Enriching OWL with Instance Recognition Semantics for Automated Semantic Annotation

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OWL-AA Enriching OWL with Instance Recognition
Semantics for Automated Semantic Annotation

• 2006 Spring Research Conference
• Yihong Ding

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Semantic Web and Automated Semantic Annotation

• Semantic Web the web containing
  machine-processable web data
• Semantic Annotation adds formal metadata to web
  pages
• Metadata links data in a web page to defined
  concepts in an ontology
• Annotated data becomes machine-processable
• Annotation needs automation to be scalable

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Main Drawback of Current Automated Semantic
Annotation

• Problem post-processing and mapping of the IE
  information extraction results to an ontology
  Kiryakov 2004
• Needs human intervention
• Decreases system automation and scalability
• Solution use ontologies more directly during
  the process of extraction Kiryakov 2004
• Does work (as our ontology-based annotation
  shows)
• But

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A Hidden Problem Compatible with Standards

• A solution should be compatible with semantic web
  standards
• OWL (Web Ontology Language) standard
• Solutions must be OWL-compatible
• Current Solution
• OSMX (Object-oriented Systems Model in XML) not
  a standard, not OWL-compatible
• Declarative instance recognition semantics
• Needed by automated annotation process
• Lacking in OWL

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Instance Recognition Semantics in Extraction
Ontologies

• Instance recognition semantics
  machine-processable recognizers of instances that
  belong to the extention of a concept in a
  specified domain.
• Examples in extraction ontologies
• External Representation
• Price \d\d?\d?\d,\d\d\d
• Make CarMake.lexicon
• Contextual Representation
• Context phrases (left, right), e.g. \?
• Context keywords e.g. price obo
  neg(\.otiable)

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OWL Lacks Instance Recognition Semantics

• In general, OWL
• Declares class, property, hierarchical
  relationship, restriction.
• Declares instantiations.
• Does not support declaration of instance
  recognition
• Consequently,
• Not enough declarative semantics in OWL directly
  useable by automated annotation
• Mixture of knowledge declaration and knowledge
  processing
• Domain experts must know program implementation
• Or, program developers must be domain experts.
• No annotation integrity checking
• ltcaradMakegtTauruslt/caradMakegt is legal, though
  it is incorrect
• And, machines cannot catch this error.

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OWL-AA (RDF Schema)
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OWL-AA (RDF Schema)
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OWL-AA Declarations
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Implementation

• Jena API converts OWL-AA ontologies to OSMX
  ontologies
• Use OSMX ontologies to do automated annotation

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Conclusion

• OWL-AA is a way to extend OWL to provide for
  automated semantic annotation.
• OWL-AA overcomes the main drawback of automated
  semantic annotation.
• OWL-AA allows us to separate the creation of
  domain knowledge from the implementation of a
  processor to use domain knowledge for the purpose
  of annotating web pages.
• OWL-AA provides for annotation integrity checking.

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Declaration vs. Instantiation
Declaration
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Instance Recognition Semantics

• Machine-processable recognizers of instances
  that belong to the extention of a concept in a
  specified domain.

IRecS of Right Concept no line in eye
IRecS of Left Concept has line in eye