The ESA Science Programme: Status of Solar and Solar Terrestrial Missions and other initiatives of i

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The ESA Science Programme Status of
Solar and Solar Terrestrial Missions and other
initiatives of interest for Space Weather

• Hermann J. Opgenoorth
• ESA ESTEC
• Solar and Solar Terrestrial Missions Division
  (SCI-SH)
• Research and Scientific Support Department
  (RSSD)

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Mandatory Programme DisciplineProspects
M3
IRSI DARWIN
XEUS
SOLARORBITER
GAIA
LISA
BEPI COLOMBO
LTP

JWST
ROSETTA

• Fundamental
• Physics

F 2
VENUSEXPRESS
HERSCHEL
PLANCK
MARS EXPRESS
INTEGRAL
SMART 1
Time ?
ISO
HST
HUYGENS
ULYSSES
CLUSTER II

• Planetary

• Solar/STP

• Astronomy

XMM NEWTON
SOHO CLUSTER
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Ulysses

• Joint ESA-NASA Mission The Heliosphere in 4-D
  Spatial 3-D and Time
• Earlier anticipated end of Mission 30. Sept.
  2004
• Recent ESA-SPC decision to extend the scientific
  operations by 3.5 years - March 2008 allowing
  third polar pass
• Now discussed in NASA Advisory Structure
  Senior Review in 2005 - (under threat from recent
  NASA MODA cuts)

• Key Scientific Goals in the Context of Extension
• Energetic particle and dust dynamics effect of
• reversed field polarity on latitude dependence
• Reconfirm the north-south heliospheric asymmetry
• 3-D structure of CMEs and heliospheric current
• sheet in conjunction with ecliptic S/C like
  STEREO

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SOHO Solar Cornerstone Mission
Presently THE Solar Observatory ESA / NASA
Collaboration since 1995 Currently 4 year mission
extension 2003-2007 Future
extension(2007-2009) proposal in 2006 Also s c
SOHO Bonus Mission discussed to provide
Coronagraph to International Living With a Star -
ILWS
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Cluster ESAs Magnetospheric Cornerstone Mission

• First 3-D satellite mission ever
• ESA - NASA Collaboration
• - since 2000

Earlier ESA-SPC decision 100 orbital data
coverage and 3 yr mission extension 2003 -
2005 Second extension for 22 years until
December 2009 decided in Febr. 2005 SPC Now at
largest separation
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Cluster new regions subsolar point and auroral
acceleration
Cluster Extension
Magnetopause Subsolar point
2001
2009
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Double Star Cluster Evolution of Reconnection
Cluster Extension
DSP
Cluster
Strong flow of plasma observed first at Double
Star and 5 min later at Cluster
From Pitout et al., 2005
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Cluster at new region Near-Earth Current
Disruption
Cluster Extension
2001
Near-Earth tail Current Disruption

• Crossing of tail at 8-10
• Earth radii
• Current Disruption key
• process for substorms

2009
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Cluster Extension
Complementarity of Themis and Cluster

• THEMIS will be launched in 2006 with 1st tail
  season in February 2007

Themis
Cluster
THEMISs tail science benefits from Clusters
Solar Wind and ionospheric monitoring and half a
year later Cluster tail science benefits from
THEMISs upstream, sheath and magnetopause
monitoring. In addition vaste ground based
network in Canada and Europe for Cluster / Themis

• From V. Angelopoulos, Berkeley, USA

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DOUBLE STAR
China / ESA Collaboration

• Two satellites equipped mainly with
  Cluster Spare Instruments
• in Magnetospheric
  Polar and Equatorial orbits
• DSP-E 550 km x 9
  Re DSP-P 350 km x 4 R
• Commissioning Phase completed - ok, except
  attitude control
• Excellent science results - in particular in
  coord. with Cluster
• 1.5 yrs mission extension recently decided (May
  2005 SPC)

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Extension summer 2005 Tail

• Cluster 14-16 Re sep.1000-10000 km
• DSP TC-1 9 Re apog. above equator
• DSP TC-2 7 Re apogee in tail

09 Sept. 2005, 1600 UT
5 Re
XZ
lt Observe NENL and/or Bursty Bulk Flow at
Cluster and then monitor Current
Disruption and BBF breaking at DSP gt Observe
Current Disruption at DSP and then
outgoing rarefaction-wave at Cluster.
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Extension summer 2006 Tail

• Cluster 14-16 Re sep 1000-10000km
• DSP TC-1 9 Re gradual sep. in Y
• DSP TC-2 apogee in southern hemisphere

11 Sept 2006 0000
TC-1
XZ plane
XY plane
gt Observe the azimuthal extent and dynamics of
current disruption
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Extended mission spring 2006 Cusp

• Cluster at northern
• magnetopause/cusp
• 10000 km separation
• TC-1 near the cusp
• TC-2 at southern cusp
• and in inner magneto-
• sphere on dayside

XZ
XY
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22 Dec 2005, 00 UT
Extended mission winter 2005

• DSP TC-2 and IMAGE both in the southern
  hemisphere
• Stereo ENA images of the ring current from the
  southern hemisphere
• Observations require geomagnetic storms

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• Solar Orbiter
• ESA-ILWS Flagship
• in the long term
• Selected as ESA Flexi-mission
• launched within 10 yrs - lifetime 5 2 yrs
• confirmed as part of COSMIC VISION
• Formal negotiations about a potential
• NASA contribution ( or collaboration
• with Solar Sentinels ) in progress

• - Inner Heliosphere In-Situ observations
• and simultaneous Solar Remote Sensing
• Orbit up to 35 deg out of the ecliptic, i.e.
• topside view of polar regions and CMEs
• observe the far-side of the Sun from a
• co-rotating vantage point at 0.22 AU,
• equivalent to 48 Solar radii

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Solar Orbiter Status

• (Confirmed as part of Cosmic Vision by SPC,
  June 2004)
• Mission profile
• Launch by Soyuz-Fregat 2-1b (either Oct 2013 or
  March 2015)
• Cruise phase (SEP / Chemical Propulsion) 1.8 /
  3.3 yrs
• Nominal science mission duration 2.8 yrs
• Extended mission (high-latitude phase) 2.4 yrs
• Minimum perihelion distance 48 solar radii
  (0.222 AU)
• Maximum solar latitude 35 (in extended phase)
• SPACECRAFT two industrial studies completed
  (Sci-A)
• 6 month delta-study (chem. prop.) completed
• PAYLOAD definition completed
• Particles and Fields Package
• Remote-sensing Package
• PLAN Science Management Plan to SPC in
  February 2006
• - coordinated AO with NASA (Solar Sentinels)
  Summer 2006

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S-O Mission duration and solar cycle
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The Solar-B satellite

• JAXA successor to Yohkoh (Solar A)
• Japan/US/UK mission (Norway, ESA)
• Launch in Aug. 2006 aboard M-V rocket from
  Uchinoura Space Centre (USC)
• Polar sun-synchronous orbit. 600 km altitude
• Nearly continuous solar view (with no day/night
  cycling for nine months each year)
• A coordinated set of optical, UV, and X-ray
  instruments to understand the dynamic Sun.

• Mass 900 kg
• Power 1000W
• Telemetry 4Mbps
• Data Recorder 8Gbit
• Attitude Solar pointed
• Stability 0.7 arcsec/1s
• Launch Summer 2006

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Solar-B Science Goals - Understanding the
Dynamic Sun

• To understand the creation and destruction of the
  Sun's magnetic field.
• To understand the modulation of the Sun's
  Luminosity.
• To understand the generation of UV and X-ray
  radiation.
• To understand solar wind and eruptions.
• Provide the first accurate measurements of
  magnetic fields and electric currents that will
  reveal the causes of eruptions in the solar
  atmosphere

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Solar-BThe 3 Instrument Suite

• 0.5m Optical Telescope FPP (Focal Plane Package)
• Spectro-Polarimeter
• Broadband Filtergraph
• Narrowband Filtergraph
• XRT (X-Ray Telescope)
• 9 filters hot-very hot corona
• EIS (EUV Imaging Spectrograph)
• 2x40 Å wide wavelength
• region in EUV covering
• transition region - corona

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ESA Support to Solar-B

• ESA, in sub-contractual collaboration with the
  Norwegian
• Space Centre, will provide one additional
  downlink contact
• to Solar-B for each of the 15 orbits per day
• This will considerably improve the overall
  scientific data return
• and the cadence of observations from the
  Solar-B mission
• The European scientific community
• will be catered with processed data
• through a dedicated Solar B data
• centre at the University of Oslo

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Svalbard Ground Station for Solar-B

• Reasons Antenna redundancy,
• possibility to track all 15 orbits
• every day and Norwegian
• interest in the mission.

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International Living with a Star - ILWS
(presently involving more than 25 space
agencies SC CNSA, CSA, ESA, (R)FSA, JAXA,
NASA )
MISSION

• Stimulate, strengthen and coordinate space
  research
• to understand the governing processes of the
  connected Sun-Earth system as an integrated
  entity.
• (governing processes which affect life and
  society gt SpaceWeather)
• simultaneous and coordinated observations
• at strategic locations in the entire system
• (supported by advanced analysis and model tools)

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SWARM Mission Living Planet ESA - EOP
Earths Environment One mans noise is another
mans data
Earths Interior - Baseline mission

• Selected by Earth Observation Program Board -
  Launch 2009

• Electric Field Instrument
• (Ion Drift Meter) provided by CSA in
  collaboration with ESA Science Programme
• Optimisation of GEOSPACE
• science - additional electron
• instrument Conducto-meter
• discussed

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New KuaFu - selected for Phase BSolar Storm,
Aurora and Space Weather Exploration
Launch Date 2012
L1polar trip-star project
Pre-study supported by the National NSF of China
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KuaFu-A at L1
Solar EUV emission
White light CME
Radio wave measurement
local plasma and magnetic field
High energy
particles KuaFu-B1B2 polar orbit
24 hours Aurora Image Apogee
Perig. Magnetic
field High energy
particles
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Solar Wind, Aurora and Storms exploration (SWASE)
- recently de-selected
Proposed by Professor Z.X.Liu of CSSAR, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (elements of SWASE
will be added to New KuaFu)
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ESAs Cosmic Vision, 2015-2025

• Themes
• What are the conditions for life and planetary
  formation?
• How does the Solar System work?
• From the Sun to the edge of the Solar System
• First, the hierarchy of scales in the
  magnetosphere (e.g. M3, Magnetospheric SWARM)
• Gaseous Giants and their Moons
• The Building Blocks of the Solar System
  Asteroids and Small Bodies
• What are the fundamental laws of the Universe?
• How did the Universe originate and what is it
  made of?
• Giovanni Bignami, chairman SSAC, 10 May 2005

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Three scales of plasmas shocks as an example
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Cross-Scale key concepts

• Spacecraft on a hierarchy of scales
• Electron group
• Electron instruments
• 3 axis electric and magnetic fields
• Ion group
• Fast ion instruments
• Magnetic field instruments
• Fluid group
• Bulk plasma and field instruments
• Energetic particles
• Note
• Need different instrumentation at each scale
• Other agencies could provide one or more scales

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Cross-Scale - The ESA context

• Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
• Relative to other CV mission concepts,
  Cross-Scale is
• Cheap lt300M, baseline of single Soyuz-Fregat
  launch
• Quick early in programme - by 2015?
• Easy no technological show-stoppers
• Potential for international collaboration JAXA
• SCOPE 5-s/c mission for cross-scale plasma
  dynamics
• Led by M. Fujimoto ISAS
• First inter-agency discussions at two ESA /JAXA
  Bilaterals

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European ILWS Strategy in an Overview
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SCOPE the Japanese connection

• Proposed ISAS five-spacecraft mission
• Focus on electron dynamics at shocks and
  reconnection sites
• Potential for incorporating SCOPE as the inner
  scale of Cross-Scale
• This is only one possible scenario!

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Magnetopause
EXAMPLE M-Pause crossing on Febr. 22, 2004 TC1
1930 UT sub-solar Cluster 2010 UT high lat. gt
Delta t 40 min Crossings so far 21 within 1
hour and only 4 within 15 mins
DSP-TC-1
Cluster
From Cornilleau et al., 2005
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From Cornilleau et al., 2005