BIOCHEMISTRY

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BIOCHEMISTRY

• Study of matter and its interactions in living
  things

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• STUDY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Study of non carbon compounds
• ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE CARBON BUT NOT ALL
  CARBON COMPOUNDS ARE ORGANIC.
• CO2

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4 reasons why Carbon forms thousands of compound

• Can form 4 covalent bonds
• Readily bonds with other Carbon atoms
• Bonds readily with other elements
• H N O
  P Ca
• Forms straight chains / branched chains / rings

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Macromoleculespolymers

• Macro---large
• Poly- many
• Monomers mono-- one

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4 macromolecules necessary for life

• Carbohydrate
• Provide energy
• Lipids
• Store energy
• Needed to build cells

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4 macromolecules

• Proteins
• Needed to build cells
• Needed to perform chemical reactions
• Nucleic acids
• Contains instructions for making proteins
• Pass on hereditary information

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monomer

• Single repeating unit
• Carbohydrate Monomer
• monosaccharide
• Mono- one -saccharide sugar
• Glucose C6H12 O6
• Fructose C6H12 O6
• Galactose C6H12 O6

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ISOMER

• Has the same molecular formula BUT a different
  structural formula

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7 pieces of information given in a structural
formula

• Same information as a empirical formula
• Type of bonding present
• How many bonds of each type are present
• Arrangement of atoms

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Carbohydrate

• Monosaccharide
• Simple sugar glucose C6H12 O6
• Disaccharide
• Double sugar
• sucrose table sugar
• maltose malt sugar
• Lactose milk sugar

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Carbohydrate

• Polysaccharide many sugars
• Starch branched chain
• plant starch
• Cellulose straight chain
• found in cell walls of plants
• Glycogen animal starch
• Stored in liver

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Carbohydrate

• Glucose C6H12 O6
• Fructose C6H12 O6
• Galactose C6H12 O6
• sucrose table sugar
• maltose malt sugar
• Lactose milk sugar

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Carbohydrate

• ends in -- ose
• Chemical formula ratio
• 1 C atom 2 H atoms 1 O atom
• 1 C 2 H 1 O
• C6H12 O6 monosaccharide
• C12H22 O11 disaccharide

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Dehydration synthesis(condensation
reaction)polymerization

• Dehydrate lose water synthesis to make
• Chemical reaction that joins monomers to make
  polymers
• Monosaccharides are joined to make disaccharides
  with the LOSS of a water molecule
• Water is a product

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HYDROLYSIS

• Hydro- water -lysis -- to split
• Chemical reaction that splits macromolecules into
  smaller molecules with the addition of a water
  molecule
• Water is a reactant

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Functional group

• Groups of atoms that act in a particular way
• -OH hydroxyl group alcohol
• -COOH carboxyl group lipids
• -NH2 amino group proteins
• -PO4 phosphate group nucleic acids

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Protein

• Needed to build cells
• Needed to perform chemical reactions
• Monomer amino acid (peptide)
• 20 basic amino acids p. 207
• Ends in -- ine

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PROTEIN

• Contains C H N O
• -NH2 amino group
• -COOH carboxyl group
• Differs in RADICAL R group
• Joined together with peptide bond
• ( C N -C )

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enzymes

• Are proteins
• Are catalysts start chemical reactions
• Are specific lock and key model
• Are not used up can perform same
  reaction numerous
  
  times

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lipids

• Store energy
• Needed to build cells
• Monomer 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
• 3 types of lipids
• fats
• waxes
• oils

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3 types of lipids

• Fat
• solid lipid at room temperature
• Oil
• liquid lipid at room temperature
• Wax
• 3 fatty acids and a different
  alcohol for its monomer

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lipids

• C H O
• C H O ratio is much greater than
  
• 2 1
• -COOH carboxyl group

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phospholipids

• Needed to make cell membrane
• Hydrophilic attracted to water water
  loving
• Hydrophobic not attracted to water
• water fearing
• Form barrier between inside and outside of cell

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steroids

• Testosterone male hormone
• Cholesterol
• needed for nerve cell function

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Nucleic acid

• Contains instructions for making proteins
• Passes on hereditary information

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2 types of nucleic acids

• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• deoxyribose sugar
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• Ribose sugar

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Nucleotide

• Composed of 3 units
• 5- C sugar
• phosphate group -PO4
• Nitrogenous (organic) base
• thymine
• Adenine
• cytosine
• Guanine