1CHAPTER 3 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

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1CHAPTER 3SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
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SENSATION REFERS TO THE RAW SENSORY DATA FROM THE
SENSES OF SIGHT, HEARING, SMELL, TASTE, BALANCE,
TOUCH, AND PAIN.
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PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS OF CREATING MEANINGFUL
PATTERNS FROM THAT RAW SENSORY DATA
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SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES ARE MESSAGES THAT FALL BELOW
THE THRESHOLD OF CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION AND ARE
THEREFORE ASSUMED TO BE PERCEIVED SUBCONSCIOUSLY
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EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP) REFERS TO
RESPONSE TO AN UNKNOWN EVENT NOT PRESENTED TO
ANY KNOWN SENSE.
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LIGHT ENTERS THE EYE THROUGH THE CORNEA, THEN
PASSES THROUGH THE PUPIL AND THE LENS, WHICH
FOCUS IT ONTO THE RETINA
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RODS AND CONES ARE TWO KINDS OF RECEPTOR CELLS
THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISION
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LIGHT ADAPTATION HELPS OUR EYES ADJUST TO BRIGHT
LIGHT DARK ADAPTATION ALLOWS US TO SEE PARTIALLY
IN DARKNESS
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HUE, SATURATION, AND BRIGHTNESS ARE THREE
SEPARATE ASPECTS OF OUR EXPERIENCE OF COLOR
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SOUNDS WE HEAR ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCES
CREATED BY THE BRAIN IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION
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THE PHYSICAL STIMULI FOR THE SENSE OF HEARING ARE
SOUND WAVES WHICH CAUSES VIBRATION IN THE EARDRUM
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FREQUENCY IS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES PER SECOND IN A
WAVE, EXPRESSED IN A UNIT CALLED HERTZ
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PITCH IS HOW HIGH OR LOW THE TONE SEEMS TO BE
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AMPLITUDE IS THE MAGNITUDE OF A WAVE IT
DETERMINES THE LOUDNESS OF A SOUND
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LOUDNESS IS MEASURED IN DECIBELS
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OVERTONES DETERMINES THE TIMBRE OF A SOUND
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HEARING BEGINS WHEN SOUND WAVES STRIKE THE
EARDRUM AND CAUSE IT TO VIBRATE. THIS VIBRATION
MAKES THREE BONES IN THE MIDDLE EAR VIBRATE IN
SEQUENCE- THE HAMMER, THE ANVIL, AND THE STIRRUP
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THE RECEPTOR CELLS FOR THE SENSE OF TASTE ARE
HOUSED IN THE TASTE BUDS ON THE TONGUE, WHICH ARE
FOUND IN THE PAPILLAE, THE SMALL BUMPS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE TONGUE
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THE SKIN IS THE LARGEST SENSE ORGAN.
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GATE CONTROL THEORY A NEUROLOGICAL GATE IN THE
SPINAL CORD THAT CONTROLS THE TRANSMISSION OF
PAIN IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN