Introduction to the CoE in

1
SAB MEETING

• Introduction to the CoE in
• LOW TEMPERATURE QUANTUM PHENOMENA AND DEVICES
• by
• Professor Mikko Paalanen

2
WELCOME

• MEMBERS OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
• Professor Mats Jonson, Chalmers Univ. of
  Technology and Göteborg Univ.
• Professor John Saunders, University of London,
  Royal Holloway, London

• OBSERVERS
• Science Advisor Anna Kalliomäki, Academy of
  Finland
• Professor Timo Jääskeläinen, Academy of
  Finland and Joensuu University
• Vice Rector Outi Krause, TKK
• Research Director Aarne Oja, VTT

• SENIOR COHOSTS
• Professor Pertti Hakonen (TKK, LTL, NANO GROUP)
• Professor Jukka Pekola (TKK, LTL, PICO)
• Research Professor Heikki Seppä (VTT,
  QUANTRONICS)
• Dr. Antti Manninen (Mikes)
• Docent Tero Heikkilä (TKK, LTL, THEORY)
• Professor Nikolai Kopnin (TKK, LTL, THEORY)
• Professor Grigory Volovik (TKK, LTL, THEORY)
• Professor Matti Krusius (TKK, LTL, ROTA)
• Dr. Harry Alles (TKK, LTL, INTERFACE)
• Docent Juha Tuoriniemi (TKK, LTL, YKI)

3
OUTLINE

• MISSION OF THE SAB
• MISSION AND STRUCTURE OF THE CoE
• FACILITIES
• PERSONNEL
• FUNDING
• ACHIEVEMENTS
• CHALLENGES FOR 2007-
• ROAD MAP TO EXCELLENCE

4
MISSION OF THE SAB

• EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
• 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2011
• ADVICE AND SUPPORT TO THE CoE
• Help in formulating short and long term research
  strategies
• REPORTS TO
• Academy of Finland
• Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)
• State Research Center (VTT)

5
MISSION OF THE CoE

• TO EDUCATE PhD-LEVEL EXPERTS FOR SOCIETY
• TO INVESTIGATE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTUM PHENOMENA
• NATURAL SYSTEMS
• ENGINEERED NORMAL AND SUPERCONDUCTING
  NANOSTRUCTURES
• TO DEVELOPE APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM DEVICES
• NEW REFRIGERATION METHODS AND QUANTUM APPLICATORS
• ULTRA SENSITIVE SENSORS AND AMPLIFIERS FOR
  INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE
• TO CATCH INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON CHOSEN AREAS
  OF RESEARCH

6
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (TKK)STATE
RESEARCH CENTRE (VTT) ACADEMY OF FINLAND (AF)

• LOW TEMPERATURE QUANTUM
• PHENOMENA and DEVICES
• Director Mikko Paalanen (TKK)
• Vice-Director Heikki Seppä (VTT)

Scientific Advisory Board (SAB)
Steering Board (SB)
Six experimental research groups ROTA,
Professor Matti Krusius INTERFACE, Dr. Harry
Alles YKI, Docent Juha Tuoriniemi NANO, Professor
Pertti Hakonen PICO, Professor Jukka
Pekola QUANTRONICS, Research Prof. Heikki Seppä
Unique facilities Three sub-mK, two 15-mK and
six 50-mk cryostats Cryogenic liquifier
facilities (330 m2) Machine shop (400
m2) On-the-premises semi-clean room (55
m2) Access to on-campus cleanroom (Micronova,
2600 m2)
Experienced personnel Scientific 40
FTE Secreterial 4 FTE Technical 4 FTE
7
LOW TEMPERATURE LABORATORY (80)Physics Research
UnitHelsinki University of Technology (TKK)
CoE STRATEGIC ALLIANCE OF TWO PARTNERS

• Independent basic research laboratory
• Total number of personnel 50
• Total annual budget about 2.0 Meuro
• Research directions
• Ultra low temperature physics 40 1965 -
• Nanoelectronics 60 1996 -

TKK
QUANTRONICS GROUP (20) State Research Centre
(VTT)
VTT

• Total number of personnel 9
• Total annual budget about 0.7 Meuro
• Research directions
• Industrial sensors 1980-
• Applied quantum electronics 1985 -
• Mesoscopic physics 1995-

INDUSTRY
8
QUANTUM METROLOGICAL TRIANGLE CoE MIKES
collaboration Dr. Antti Manninen, Mikes
9
3 LTL Present location
9 LTL New location

• 36 Micronova
• PICO team
• - QUANTRONICS team

MIKES
10
CRYOHALL IN THE LTL
Home of ROTA, INTERFACE, YKI, NANO and PICO (50)
groups Home of EU-funded Large Scale
Infrastructure ULTI 1994-2008 Total replacement
value of experimental facility is 3.5 Meuro

• Large concentration of unique cryostats
• Three sub-mK cryostats
• Two 10-mK cryostats
• Three 50-mK cryostats

• Nearby
• Liquifier facility 330 m2
• Machineshop 400 m2
• Semi-clean room 55 m2

11
ON-THE-PREMISES SEMI-CLEAN ROOM
Floor area 55 m2 Class 10 000 environment Operated
by graduate students Freedom for risky
innovations 90 of our nanoelectronics samples
made here
JEOL 6400 ebeam writer
12
MICRONOVACentre for Micro- and Nanotechnology
Leading centre in micro- and nanotechnology in
Finland Total replacement value 35 Meuro Jointly
operated by VTT and TKK Home of QUANTRONICS and
PICO (50) groups Located on the campus some 400
m from the LTL
Largest clean room (2 600 m2) in Nordic countries
Modern offices for 300 scientist
13
PERSONNEL OF LTL 1996-2005
14
FUNDING OF LTL
LTL 55 k/person-year VTT 85 k/person-year Rese
arch work is cheap in Finland!
15
ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2005 - 2006

• THERE ARE MANY YARDSTICKS
• Publications and their impact (Nature, Science,
  RMP, PRL, APL)
• Prizes, awards and honorary memberships
• Graduate education (number of PhDs, graduation
  time and later employment)
• Services for science community (chairmanships,
  evaluations, conferences..)
• Societal impact (patents, spin-off companies..)
• International funding (coordination of large
  EU-projects.)
• How should we measure international leadership in
  science?
• - Should we use other yardsticks?
• - Leading indicators and lagging indicators?

16
ANNUAL NUMBER OF PRLs (IF 7.5)

• Years Our CoE TKK Finland Bell Labs World
• 1986-90 14 19 43 497 8 916
• 1991-95 20 35 85 362 11 484
• 1996-00 25 61 152 178 14 670
• 2001-05 30 80 198 141 17 274
• 2006- 10 15 47 17 3 454
• 2006
• of PRLs
• Our CoE 10 0.3
• Finland 47 1.4
• Sweden 80 2.3
• United Kingdom 325 9.4
• USA 1 572 45.0
• WORLD 3 454 100.0
• Our CoE produces about 20 of Finnish PRLs
• Information based on ISI Web of Science
  http//isi3.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestAppWO
  SFuncFrame

17
JOURNAL IF CoE TKK FIN
WORLD Science 30,9 0 1 8
4 968Rev. Mod. Phys. 30.3 2
2 2 58Nature 29.3
2 2 8 5 123 Nature
Materials 15.9 1 1 2
460Physics Reports 10.5 0 0
3 100Mat Sci Eng R 10.5
0 1 1 23Total
IFgt10 5 7 24 10 732Our
CoE produces about 20 of the high-IF physics
publications (IF gt 10) in FinlandInformation
based on ISI Web of Science http//isi3.isiknowle
dge.com/portal.cgi?DestAppWOSFuncFrame

• PHYSICS PUBLICATIONS IN 2005 2006
• IF gt 10

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HIGHLIGHTS 2005-2006

• DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF LITHIUM METAL
  (YKI)
• Still unpublished
• NO SIGN OF SUPERSOLID IN 4HE CRYSTAL AT MC
  (INTERFACE)
• Invited 30 min talk in APS March Meeting 2007
• INDUCED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN MWCNTs (NANO)
• Invited 30 min talk in APS March Meeting 2007
• QUANTIZATION OF PHOTON HEATCONDUCTIVITY IN 1D
  SAMPLES (PICO)
• Appeared in Nature today!
• 26 PATENTS GRANTED
• NANO 1, PICO 1 and QUANTRONICS 24

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS AND
SCHOOLSorganized by our CoE

• Year NAME OF THE CONFERENCE
  Participants Proceedings
• 1996 ULTI User Meeting on Vortices, Interfaces
  and Mesoscopic Phenomena in Quantum Systems
  100 Yes
• 1996 Workshop on Liquid/Solid Interfaces in
  Helium 33 No
• 1998 ULTI User Meeting on Quantum Phenomena at
  Low Temperatures 80 Yes
• 1999 LT22, 22nd International Conference on Low
  Temperature Physics
  1381 Yes
• 2001 ULTI User Meeting on Ultra Low Energy
  Physics Methods and Phenomenology 85 Yes
• 2001 Nordic Winterschool on Nanophysics (Kevo)
  28 No
• 2002 Kevo Spring School on Low Temperature
  Physics 25 Yes
• 2003 Advanced European Cryogenic School 46
  No
• 2004 ULTI User Meeting on Quantum Phenomena at
  Low Temperatures 87 Yes
• 2004 COSLAB Workshop on Turbulence and Vacuum
  Instability in Cond. Matter and Cosmology 39
  No
• 2004 Nordic Springschool in Nanoelectronics
  (Kilpisjärvi) 40 No
• 2005 Martti M. Salomaa Memorial Symposium
  50 No
• 2006 ULTI User Meeting on Low Temperature
  Physics 100 Yes
• 2006 Symposium celebrating the 60th birthday of
  Nikolai Kopnin and Grigory Volovik ??? No
• 2008 ULTI User Meeting
  100 Yes
• 2009 Advanced European Cryogengineering
  School 50 No

20
SPIN-OFF COMPANIES

• Two successful spin off companies from the LTL in
  40 years
• Elekta Neuromag Ltd, 25 employees
• Picowatt, 3 employees
• Nanoway Ltd founded by Jukka Pekola in 1997
• Nanothermometers
• Aivon Ltd will start in 2007 (Quantronics team)
• Device application of superconducting electronics

21
CHALLENGES AHEAD

• Is the research plan innovative enough?
• Do we have proper management, funding, equipment
  and support personnel to do what we have
  promised?
• How should we monitor achievements?
• How to improve the role and careers of young and
  female scientists in the CoE
• How to improve our public image?
• How to survive the move?
• How to further improve our competitive edge?

22
ROAD MAP TO EXCELLENCE

• Careful selection of projects
• Small critical size of the effort, suitable for
  university environment
• Maximum impact on world science
• Readiness for risky experiments
• Strong theory support for the experiments
• Competitive edge reached by home built unique
  equipment
• Best refrigerators ? experiments at record low
  temperatures
• Smallest microrefrigerators and nanothermometers
  ? non-equilibrium physics
• Lowest noise amplifiers ? experiments at quantum
  limit
• Proper attention to applications and patents
• QUANTRONICS team from the VTT forms the bridge to
  industry

23
OPPONENTS OF RECENT PhDs

• 2000-2004
• Roch Schanen Olivier Avenel (CEA, Paris)
• Tauno Knuuttila Yasumasa Takano (University of
  Florida, USA)
• Jaakko Ruohio Jeevak Parpia (Cornell University,
  USA)
• Jari Penttilä David Haviland (Royal Inst. Of
  Technology, Stockholm)
• Viktor Tsepelin Sebastien Balibar (ENS, Paris)
• Juha Kopu Vladimir Mineev (Joseph Fourier
  University, Grenoble)
• Rob Blaauwgeers Giorgio Frossati, DeBryan and
  Matti Krusius
• Risto Hänninen Dierk Rainer (University of
  Bayreuth, Germany)
• Leif Roschier Martin Wybourne (Darthmouth
  College, USA)
• Janne Viljas James Sauls (North Western
  University, USA)
• Juha Hassel John Clarke (Berkeley, USA)
• Antti Niskanen Gerd Schön (University of
  Karlsruhe, Germany)
• 2005-2006
• Kirsi Juntunen Michael Steiner (Hahn Meitner
  Institute, Berlin)
• Mika Sillanpää Hans Mooij (Delft University of
  Technology)
• Reeta Tarkiainen Helene Bouchiat (University
  Paris-Sud, France)
• Jani Kivioja Herve Curtois (CNRS, Grenoble)