Sources

1
Sources

• http//www.cdc.gov/
• http//www.who.int/en/
• http//www.who.int/es/index.html

2

• Chapter 2 Historical Overview
• Key concepts
• Scientists and philosophers are key to moving a
  scientific field.
• Accepted dogmas always need to be challeneged.
• Technology is important for advancing scienece.
• Communication is central so that everyone knows
  what their
• peers are talking about.

3
Box 2.1 The Spread of the Black Plague in Europe
4
Mr Microscope
5
Solar powered microscope
6
First introduction to bacterial morphology
7
Schulze experiment
Air In
Air out
H2SO4
KOH
Heat sterilized
8
Edward Jenner
9
Pasteur introduced concept of germs
End of vital force controversy
10
Kochs postulates
11
Early representations of anthrax
12
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13
Beijerinck and enrichment media
14
Winogradsky Autotrophs the ultimate in self
sufficiency
15
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
Pre 1900
Date
Event
1750
B.C.
The
Sumerians brew beer
1590
The microscope is invented by
Janssen
1675
Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria
1855
The
Escherichia

coli
bacterium is discovered. It later
becomes a major research, development and
production
tool for biotechnology
1877
A technique for staining and identifying bacteria
is
developed by Koch
16
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
1900-1950
"The Evolution of Biochemistry"
Date
Event
1902
The term "immunology" first appears.
1906
The term "genetics' is introduced.
1928
Fleming discovers penicillin, the first
antibiotic.
1938
The term "molecular biology" is coined.
1941
The term "genetic engineering" is first used by a
Danish
Microbiologist.
1942
The electron microscope is used to identify and
characterize a
bacteriophage.
1943
Avery demonstrates that DNA is the "transforming
factor"
and is the material of genes.
1944
DNA is shown to be the material substance of the
gene.
1949
Pauling shows that sickle cell anemia is a
"molecular
disease" resulting from a mutation in the protein
molecule
Hemoglobin.
17
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
1950 - 1975
"The Dawn of Molecular Biology"
Date
Event
1953
Watson and Crick reveal the three-dimensional
structure of
DNA.
1954
Cell-culturing techniques are developed.
1967
The first automatic protein sequencer is
perfected.
1970
Specific restriction nucleases are identified,
opening the
way for gene cloning.
1973
Cohen and Boyer perform the first successful
recombinant
DNA experiment, using bacterial genes.
1975
Colony hybridization and Southern blotting are
developed for detecting specific DNA sequences.
The first monoclonal antibodies are produced.
18
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
1980 - 1990
"Applied Molecular Biology Comes of Age"
Date
Event
1982
Humulin,
Genentech's recombinant human insulin
is the first biotech drug to be approved by the
FDA.
1983
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is
developed.
1984
DNA fingerprinting technique is developed.
1986
Ortho Biotech's
Orthoclone OKT3 is approved as the first
monoclonal antibody treatment for use in kidney
transplant
rejection.
1987
Transgenic pigs produced by inserting human growth
hormone genes into the embryos.
1988
Congress funds the Human Genome Project, a massive
effort to map and sequence the human genome as
well as
genomes of other species by 2005.
1990
The first federally approved gene therapy
treatment is
performed successfully on a 4-year-old girl
suffering from
an immune disorder.
19
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
1990 - 2000
"The Era of Genomics and Computational Biology"
Date
Event
1994
The first breast cancer gene is discovered.
1995
The first full gene sequence of a living organism
other
than a virus is completed for the bacterium
Hemophilus
influenzae
.
1997
Scottish
scientists report cloning a sheep using DNA
from adult sheep cells.
A new DNA technique combines PCR, DNA chips and
a computer program providing a new tool in the
search
for disease-causing genes.
1998
Embryonic stem cells can be used to regenerate
tissue
and create disorders mimicking diseases.
The first complete animal genome for the
elegans worm
is sequenced.
2000
A rough draft of the human genome is completed by
Celera
genomics and the Human Genome Project.
Pigs are cloned to produce organs for
xenotransplant.
20
Key Dates in Microbiology and Biotechnology
2001-2003
"Functional Genomics"
Date
Event
2001 2002- 2002-
The sequence of the human genome containing lt
30,000
genes is published in Science and Nature.
Ethics of stem-cell research actively debated.