Integrated Coastal Management in the Baltic Sea

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Integrated Coastal Management in the Baltic Sea

• A framework for better management of environment
  and resources
• Olof Linden
• World Maritime University

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ICM Concept and Framework

• Characteristics of Coastal Zone
• Concept of Integrated Coastal Management
• Framework of ICM Program Development and
  Implementation in the Baltic Sea

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Inter-related ecosystems of river, watershed,
estuaries coastal seas
hence, what we do in inland areas are relevant
also in the coast and sea.
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Human Activities
Shipping Port development Fishing Aquaculture Oil
and gas exploration Wind power Tourism Recreation
Coastal Environment
Physical Env. Geomorphology Current Climate Hydrol
ogy Geochemistry
Land filling, dredging Cables Urban
development Waste disposal Protection/ Conservatio
n Research Monitoring
Biological Env. Biological Production Site of
reproduction Living Resources Biodiversity
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Characteristics of Coastal Zone

• Physically Dynamic
• Ecologically Productive
• Natural Defense
• Socio-economic Center of Activities
• Base for Offshore Activities
• Area of Multiple-use Conflicts
• Area of Management Complexities

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Management of Coastal Zone involves

• Multiple ecological, socio-economic and political
  linkages
• Multiple problems
• Multiple desired (often conflicting) uses of
  coastal resources
• Multiple constituencies
• Multiple institutions

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Integrated Coastal ManagementFramework to
achieve the Sustainable Development of Coastal
Resources

• Agenda 21
• Convention on Climate Change
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Global Programme of Action for the Protection of
  Marine Environment from Land-based Activities
  (UNEP)
• WSSD Plan of Implementation
• Millennium Development Goals
• EU Water Framework Directive
• EU Marine Strategy

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Goal of ICM

• To achieve sustainable development of coastal and
  marine areas, taking into account
• Environmental integrity,
• Economic efficiency,
• Social equity

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Integration in ICM has many meanings

• Among different sectors and different government
  agencies (fisheries, tourism, port development,
  shipping, environment protection etc.)
• Among different levels of governments (national,
  provincial, local)
• Between different countries to solve
  transboundary issues
• Between land and the sea
• Between policy, economy and science
• Among different disciplines of science
• Between present and future generations

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• ICM
• a management system of natural resources and
  environment in the coastal area, which employs
  integrated, holistic and interactive approaches

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ICM in Practice

• Many countries
• Mostly at local scales, a few national
• Only on Regional case Southeast Asia (PEMSEA)
• Lets look at the PEMSEA Project Cycle

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1. Preparing Project Management mechanism Human
and financial arrangement Stakeholders
consultation Training of Core Staff
2. Initiating Environmental Profiling Issues
identification and prioritization Initial Env.
Risk Assessemnt Stakeholders consensus
building Public awareness Integrated information
management system
6. Refining and Consolidating Institutional
Set-up Program monitoring/evaluation Public and
stakeholders consultation Revised strategies /
Action Plans
3. Developing Data gathering Refined Risk
Assessment Strategic Env. Management Plan
(SEMP) Issues specific / Area specific Action
Plans Institutional arrangements Financial
investment options Environment monitoring Stakehol
ders participation
5 Implementing Coordinating and program
management mechanisms Env. Monitoring
Programs Action Plans Public participation
4. Adopting Organizational and legal
mechanisms SEMP and action plans Funding
mechanisms Stakeholders participation
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Initiating Stage How to initiate ICM activities
in the Baltic?

• Identify priority concerns, issues, values of the
  coastal resources and environment (On-going)
• - Environmental Profile, Initial Risk Assessment
• - Stakeholders Consultation/Public Awareness
• Consolidate the long-term vision and mission of
  coastal stakeholders (To be initiated)
• - Coastal Strategy
• - Stakeholders Consultation/Public Awareness

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Coastal Strategy Objectives

• Provide stakeholders with a common vision and
  framework of action in developing and managing
  their shared coastal area for long-term time span
• Elements of a Coastal Strategy
• Value of coast, Threats and impacts, Long-term
  vision, Mission Statement, Goal, Strategies,
  Principles, Action Plan, Institutional mechanism

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Why a Coastal Strategy at the Initial Stage?

• As a framework to achieve common recognition on
  value, problems and long-term vision of the area
• As a means to hold the interest of stakeholders
  from the initiation through the formulation of
  issue/site specific action plans
• As a structured way of communicating with
  stakeholders (informing them as well as learning
  from them)

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How to build consensus among stakeholders?
(PEMSEA)

• Relying on the Diverse Knowledge and Experiences
  of various stakeholders
• Strengthening the Ownership of stakeholders
• Maintaining Transparency of policy development
  process
• Promoting Knowledge Sharing and Informed
  Decision-Making
• Practicing Trade-offs among different sectors
• Promoting Area-wide Common Interest, not sectoral
  interest
• Creating Win-Win Situation by having a common
  vision

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Gaining Political Support and Commitment(PEMSEA)

• Stakeholders Declaration and Signing Ceremony
• Promoting political support for the adoption of
  coastal strategy
• Ensuring stakeholders commitment for the
  implementation of coastal strategy
• Official Approval Process
• Approval by concerned authority at national and
  sub-national levels
• Public Awareness
• Translate coastal strategy into public-friendly
  document and raise awareness of community members

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Impacts of a Baltic Coastal Strategy

• Promoting perception change of stakeholders from
  single-sector oriented view to area-wide view
• Creating a platform for partnership and
  stakeholders participation to address
  cross-sectoral, cross-boundary issues
• Providing a policy framework for achieving
  sustainable coastal development
• Integrating the implementation of international
  and regional (EU) instruments related to
  environment and natural resources
• Promoting opportunity for environmentally
  sustainable investments and creation of job
  opportunities

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Developing Stage What are the critical elements
to institutionalize ICM mechanism?

• Coastal Problems Recognized by Important
  Stakeholders
• - Environmental Profile, RA, Coastal Strategy
• Policy Proposals available for Alternative
  Management Coastal Strategy
• - Coastal Strategy Implementation Plan,
  Issue/site specific Action Plans
• Favorable Political Environment
• Public Awareness, Stakeholders Consultation,
  Building Constituency

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Adopting Stage How to facilitate the adoption
of a Coastal Strategy and Action Plans?

• Adoption is an intensive political process which
  requires strong support from key stakeholders
• Thus, the success of adopting stage depends on
• the effectiveness of stakeholders consultation
  from initiating to developing stages, through the
  formulation of Coastal Strategy
• the appropriate timing of providing ICM policy
  proposal such as Coastal Strategy and Action
  Plans under favorable Political Environment
• the recognition on the failure of existing
  approaches and the usefulness of ICM mechanism by
  high-level policy makers

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Critical factors for successful implementation
of Coastal Strategy and Action PlansThe case of
the Baltic Sea

• To secure Budget for implementation (Y)
• To provide Competent Human Resources (Y)
• To develop Scientific and Technical Capacity (Y)
• To maintain Political Interest (Y/N)
• To have continued Support from Various
  Stakeholders (Y/N)
• To provide Appropriate Organizational Mechanism
  (N)

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Monitoring and Evaluation
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Refining and Consolidating

• What do you need to refine consolidate?

Based on Performance Monitoring Evaluation To
refine organizational structure To refine
functional process (coordination, EIA,
permitting, enforcement, etc.) To refine budget
arrangement To refine human resources and
management capacity
Based on Environmental Monitoring Evaluation
To refine management strategies and actions in
the Coastal Strategy To refine science and
technical capacity To plan for next program cycle
responding to new issues challenges
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