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Early Exploration SOL 4 af

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Early Exploration. SOL 4 a-f. Chapter 3 & 4. I. Technology-which aided exploration. Maps accurate ... He wanted to get to Asia by sailing west. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Early Exploration SOL 4 af


1
Early ExplorationSOL 4 a-f
  • Chapter 3 4

2
I. Technology-which aided exploration
  • Mapsaccurate
  • 2. Latitude/Longitude
  • 3. Astrolabe/Compass
  • 4. Ship Design

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II. Financing Exploration
  • Subsidies
  • 2. Joint Stock Company

5
III. Economic Motive--Mercantilism
  • The theory and system of political economy
    prevailing in Europe after the decline of
    feudalism, based on national policies of
    accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a
    merchant marine, and developing industry and
    mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.

6
IV. Maintaining Wealth
  • Balance of trade
  • How to maintain balance of trade
  • 1. Reduce imports with tariffs
  • 2. Export finished products instead of raw
    materials
  • 3. become self-sufficient

7
V. Roles of a colony in the Mercantilist Theory
  • Free or Cheap raw materials
  • Labor source
  • markets

8
VI. Why people wanted to explore!
  • 1. Gold
  • 2. Glory
  • 3. God

9
Explorers from Spain
  • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella financed
    Columbus from Genoa. He wanted to get to Asia by
    sailing west. In Aug. of 1492, the Nina, Pinta,
    and Santa Maria set sail. On October 12, 1492,
    he landed on the island of San Salvador, but he
    thought he was in India. He named the are
    Indies and the people Indians

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Explorers of Spain Cond
  • Major changes in culture due to the exchange of
    plants, animals, products, and diseases.
  • Gold and silver mined in S. America helped Spain
    become a world power.

12
Explorers of Spain Cond
  • 4 days to the New World!!
  • The diet changed because of new foods. Horses
    changed the life of the natives. But diseases
    especially smallpox wiped out the Natives of
    Spanish America.

13
Explorers from Spain cont
  • 1492Columbus
  • 1513Vasco BalboaPanama Pacific
  • 1579Magellannamed Pacific
  • 1513Ponce de LeonFlorida
  • CortesAztecs, Montezuma
  • 1530Pizarro--Inca

14
Christopher Columbus
15
Vasco Balboa
  • Spanish
  • Explorer
  • 1st to see
  • Pacific Ocean

16
Magellan
  • Philippines
  • Crew was the
  • 1st to
  • Circumnavigate
  • The world

17
Juan Ponce de Leon
  • Florida

18
Cortes
  • Spanish
  • Conquered
  • Aztecs

19
Pizarro
  • Conquered
  • the Incans

20
Early Explorations
  • Spain and Portugal often claimed the same lands.
    To solve conflict the Pope solved it by drawing a
    line down the Atlantic Ocean known as the Line of
    Demarcation. Portugal got everything to the east
    of the line and Spain to the west.

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  • Spain and Portugal eventually signed a treaty
    moving the line a little more to the west.

23
Explorers from Portugal
  • Portugal has a
  • prime location
  • on the
  • Atlantic Coast!!

24
  • Prince Henry the NavigatorSchool to train
    navigators
  • Claimed the Azores Islands, established trade
    markets on the west coast of Africa (slave trade)

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Prince Henry the Navigator
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  • Bartolomeu Dias (1488-Sailed around the Cape of
    Good Hope)

28
Vasco da Gama
  • (1498-Cape-India-back)

29
  • Pedro Alvares Cabral (1500-Brazil) Sugar
    Plantationsthe Spanish acknowledged his claim
    (the coast is east of the line, but the majority
    of the country is west of the line)

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  • Finding these direct routes to the riches of the
    East not only saved time but moneythey could buy
    direct instead of dealing with the Arabs and the
    Italians

32
Other Famous Explorers
  • 1497-1503Amerigo Vespucci (Florence) realized
    the area Columbus discovered was not Asia, but
    was a New World. (A German actually named the
    land after him)

33
  • 1513Vasco Nunez de Balboacrossed the Isthmus of
    Panama and saw an ocean. He named it the South
    Sea (Now the Pacific Ocean)he sailed for Spain

34
  • 1519Ferdinand Magellansailed south along the
    coast of South America, passed through the
    southern strait (now named for him) and saw a
    very large, calm ocean. He named it the
    Pacific meaning passive. He eventually reached
    the Philippines where he died in battle, but the
    crew made it back1st to circum navigate!! He
    was Portuguese but sailed for Spain!

35
TRADE
  • Portugal with Asia
  • Portugal moved into East Indiesthen China,
    Japan, and the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
  • Small trade compared to Brazil where plantations
    had been set up for sugar exports

36
Trade Cond
  • Large labor cropneeds a large labor forcewhere
    are you going to get the workers??? Portugal
    goes to Africa
  • At first--friendly as the interest in the slave
    trade grew gradually. Slaves were eventually
    transported to colonies.

37
Triangular Trade
  • 1. Goods shipped to Africa for slaves who were
    captured by African tribes and brought to the
    West Coast.

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Triangular Trade Cond
  • 2. The Middle Passage-the time while the slaves
    were on the Atlantic
  • Most brutal part of the triangle
  • Slaves chained in overcrowded areas in the bottom
    of the ship
  • Little food or water
  • No provision for sanitation and many died

40
Triangular Trade Cond
  • 1500s2,000 slaves/year transported
  • 1780s80,000/year

41
Triangular Trade cont
  • 3. Goods would be purchased in America for
    slaves and the goods (raw materials) brought home
    and made into products that could be taken to
    Africa and traded for slaves
  • Africas population rapidly declined
  • Some African kingdoms did rise in rebellion to
    the Europeans to protest slavery

42
  • African slavery was different from European
    slavery
  • It varied from voluntary service to enforced
    captivity of POWs
  • Children of enslaved women were often considered
    free because often their fathers were free
  • Slaves were allowed to buy their freedom
  • They were treated as people with a role in
    society

43
Why Africans turned on neighbors to aid in
slavery
  • To
  • Obtain
  • Weapons/
  • goods
  • To avoid
  • being
  • the victim

44
Portugal Falls Apart
  • 1. Weak governmentno control over officials at
    home or abroad
  • 2. Population declinedso many people were
    sailorsgovt sent youngest, strongest males
    poor shipsmany were destroyed about ½ of those
    who went out returned
  • 3. Spain took over Portugal until 1640

45
The Spanish Empire
  • Empire mostly in Americas and Philippines
  • Exploration
  • Juan Ponce De LeonFlorida 1513

46
  • Hernando CortesAztecsdefeated Montezuma and
    destroyed city of Tenochtitlan (today Mexico
    City) Easy defeat due to horses and guns
  • Franco Pizarro1530 into Peru and destroyed the
    Inca

47
The Spanish Empire cont
  • Spain established settlements where other
    European powers used the colonies for trade.
    Spain established governments with
    viceroysrepresentatives to the monarch

48
  • To oppress the natives and slavesencomienda
    system-the right to demand laborslavery
  • Spain got mineral wealth from colonies, but
    killed many natives from disease. They had to
    begin importing slaves to compensate.

49
  • No foreigners were allowed in Spanish
    colonieswealth was appealing to other countries.
  • Treasure ships were a target and England as well
    as other powers encouraged piracy and even
    established colonies in the New World.

50
Other colonies
  • Portuguese, Dutch, and British established
    trading companies along the coast of Africa,
    India, and Asia
  • Portuguese and Spaindeveloped a few colonies in
    the New World

51
  • Result an exchange of products and resources
    between the Eastern and Western
    HemispheresColumbian Exchange

52
  • Western Hemisphere provided agricultural
    products such as corn, potatoes and tobacco
  • Eastern Hemisphere provided horses, cattle,
    disease esp. smallpox (deadliest disease for the
    indigenous population)

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Spanish Social Classes
  • Peninsularespeople born in Spainhighest
    positions
  • CreolesAmerican born descendants of Spanish
    settlersowned most of the land

55
  • Mixed PeoplesMestizosNative American and
    European mixed MulattosAfrican and European
    mixed
  • Native American and Africans

56
English Exploration
  • The power and wealth of Spain often attracted
    pirates especially from rival countries such as
    England
  • England often encouraged piracy Sea dogs
  • Sir Francis Drakeknighted for his daring raids

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English Exploration cont.
  • English also looked for a route to India
  • Henry Hudsonsailed for the Dutch (1609)/
    EnglandHudson Bay

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  • John CabotItalian captain commissioned by
    England to sail around North America 1497-1498
    explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia
    and New England gave England a claim to the New
    World

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  • European nations did not acknowledge the line of
    demarcation

65
France
  • Jacques Cartier1534-1541sailed up the St.
    Lawrence River up to the present day city of
    Montrealgave the French a claim to the New World

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  • Samuel de Champlain1608established the first
    permanent settlement at Quebec

69
  • Robert La Sallesailed down the Mississippi to
    the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland
    region of North America for France named it
    Louisiana for King Louis XIV

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