Colonial America

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Colonial America

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Title: Colonial America

1
Chapter 3

Colonial America

2
Section 1 Early English Settlements

In 1588, King Phillip II of Spain did not
consider Queen Elizabeth, a protestant, the
rightful ruler of England. He wanted a Catholic
leader in control of England so he sent an
Armada, fleet of ships, to war against England.
The faster English ships defeated the Armada and
took control of the seas from Spain.

Before the end of the war with Spain, England
tried to establish a base on the other side of
the Atlantic Ocean without success.

The most famous failure was the colony of
Roanoke. In 1858 Sir Walter Raleigh sent 100 men
to Roanoke Island of the coast of present-day
North Carolina.

This first attempt was an utter failure. The
survivors of the winter returned to England. But
in 1587, Raleigh tried again by sending men,
women and children.

The leader of the group saw his granddaughter,
Virginia Dare, the first English child born in
North America.
In need of supplies the leader, John White, went
back to England. Here he was delayed because the
war with Spain.

When he returned there was no one left in the
colony. The only clue to their whereabouts was
the word Croatoan carved in a tree trunk.

Unable to investigate due to approaching bad
weather, the Roanoke colonists were never seen
again. And has gone down as one of historys
unsolved mysteries.

6
Jamestown

The failure of the Roanoke put off other plans
for colonization for about 30 years.
Then in 1606, a group of merchants sought
charters from King James I.

The Virginia Company of London acted quickly. In
December of 1606, they sent a ships of 144
settlers to Virginia. They arrived in the
Chesapeake Bay in April 1607.

The colonists named their colony Jamestown in
honor of King James I. The site they chose on a
peninsula was a good defensible site, but is was
swampland with disease carrying mosquitoes. It
also lacked good farm land for growing of food.
Most of the settles were also privileged and were
not accustomed to hard labor. So instead of
building shelters and growing food, they were off
searching for gold and silver.

Disease and hunger took a toll on the colonists.
When the ships arrived in the spring of 1608,
with supplies and settlers, only 38 of the
original 144 colonists were still alive.
The colony only survived its first two years
because of Captain John Smith.

Smith forced the settlers to work, explored the
area, and negotiated with the local Native
Americans, led by Chief Powhatan, for corn.

In the fall of 1609, 400 new settlers arrived and
Smith returned to England. During his absence the
settlers experienced the starving timethe
winter between 1609-1610.

When the ships returned in the spring they found
only 60 colonists of around 500 still alive.
While the colonists did not find any gold or
silver, they stuck it out and discovered tobacco.
The first crop sold in England in 1614. Soon
planters along the James river in Virginia were
growing the crop and the colony began to prosper.

Relations with the Native Americans improved when
colonial leader John Rolfe married Chief
Pohawatans daughter Pochontas.

In 1614, colonists were allowed to rent plots of
land to work. This encouraged the colonists to
work harder and grow crops to sell locally. This
competitive system led colonists to greater
efforts to succeed.
Private land ownership was expanded in 1618 for
all colonists who paid their own way to America
received 100 acres of land. They also received 50
acres for each family member and servant they
brought to Virigina.

As the colony began to grow, settlers complained
about taking orders from the Virginia Company in
London. In 1619, the Company agreed to let the
colonists have home say in their government. Ten
towns in the colony sent two burgesses,
representatives, to an assembly to make local
laws for the colony. They meet for the first time
in Jamestown on July 30, 1619.

Since the majority of the early settlers to
Jamestown were men, in 1619 the Virginia Company
sent 90 women to Jamestown. Colonists who wanted
to marry had to pay 120 pounds of tobacco.

Men still outnumbered women, but marriage and
children became part of life in Virginia.

In 1619 a Dutch ship brought the first African
labors to Jamestown and sold them to Virginia
planters.
African laborers in Jamestown were free and even
owned property until 1640.
William Tucker, the first African American born
in the American colonies, was a free man.

In the years to follow, more shiploads of
Africans would come to North America and those
unwilling passengers would be sold as slaves.

Slavery was first recognized in Virginia law in
the 1660s.

In the early 1620s, the Virginia Company faced
financial problems. It had poured all of its
profits into Jamestown without much return.
The colony also suffered an attack by Native
Americans.
In 1624, King James revoked the charter and made
Jamestown the first royal colony for England in
America.

18
Section 2 New England Colonies

The next wave of English colonists arrived in
America in search of religious freedom.
King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman
Catholic church and formed the Anglican church to
divorce his wife.

Many dissented the beliefs of the Anglican
Church. Some Protestants wanted to reform the
Anglican Church and still others wanted to break
away completely.

Those who wanted to reform the church were called
Puritans.
Those who wanted to leave were called Separatists
who viewed themselves as Pilgrims as they made
their way to North America.
The Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflower planning on
settling in the Virginia colony.
Cape Cod was the first land they sighted.

It was well north of their target, but since
winter was fast approaching they decided to drop
anchor here.
They went ashore on a cold December day at a
place called Plymouth.

Plymouth was outside the laws of the Virginia
Company.
Before going ashore the Pilgrims drew up a formal
document called the Mayflower Compact. It pledged
their loyalty to England and signers promised to
obey the laws passed for the general good of the
colony.

During their first winter in America, almost half
of the Pilgrims died from malnutrition, disease,
and cold.
In the Spring, Native Americans Squanto and
Samoset, befriended the colonists and showed them
how to grow corn, beans and pumpkins, also how to
hunt and fish.

In 1625, Charles I became king of England and
began persecuting the Puritans because of their
calls for reform of the church.
A group of Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay
Company in 1629, they received a royal charter to
establish a colony north of Plymouth.
Here the Puritans could create a new society
based on the Bible.

The Puritans chose John Winthrop to be the
colonys governor. He led 900 men, women and
children to Massachusetts Bay to settle in a
place called Boston.

In the 1630s, over 15,000 Puritans journeyed to
Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and
economic hard times.
This movement was known as the Great Migration.

Initially, Winthrop and his assistants made
colony laws in the General Court, made up of the
colonys stockholders.
By 1634, the settlers demanded a larger role in
government and the General Court became an
elected assembly.
Adult male church members were allowed to vote
for the governor and their towns representatives
to the General Court.

The Puritans had come to America to put their
beliefs into practice and they had little
tolerance for the beliefs of others. This led to
the creation of new colonies.
The Connecticut River valley had better land for
farming and many settlers came to the area in the
1630s.
Thomas Hooker, a minister, disagreed with the way
that Winthrop and the other Puritan leaders ran
the colony.

In 1636, Hooker led his congregation through the
wilderness of Connecticut to found the town of
Hartford.
1639 found Hartford joining with two other nearby
towns to form a colony and adopt a plan of
government called the Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut.

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was the
first written constitution in America and it
described the organization of representative
government in detail.

The colony of Rhode Island was settled by
colonists who were forced out of Massachusetts.
The first of these was a minister, Roger Williams.

Williams had three beliefs that caused the
Massachusetts leaders to banish him
1.people should not be persecuted for religious
practices
2.Government should not force a certain type of
religious worship
3.It was wrong to take land from the Native
Americans.

He took refuse with a group of Native Americans
who later sold him land where he founded the town
of Providence.
Williams officially received a charter in 1644.
The policy of religious toleration made Rhode
Island a safe place for dissenters and the first
place in America where people of all faiths could
worship freely.

Others followed Williams example and formed
colonies where they could worship as they
pleased.
In 1638 a group of dissidents from Massachusetts
led by John Wheelwright founded the town of
Exeter in New Hampshire.
They were followed by a group of Puritans
settling in Hampton.
The colony of New Hampshire became fully
independent in 1679.

Native Americans traded with the settlers
exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots,
blankets, and guns.

Conflicts arose between colonials and Native
Americans as they competed for land.

The largest of these early conflicts was King
Philips War.
King Philip also known as Metacomet, the
Wampanaog chief, wanted to stop the settlers from
moving onto Native American land.
The war started when colonists executed three
Wompanoags for murder. Metacomets forces
attacked towns across the region, killing
hundreds of settlers.

Settlers and their Native American allies fought
back.
The war ended in defeat for the Wampanoag and
their allies.
It also destroyed the power of the Native
Americans in New England, opening the territory
for colonists to expand their settlement.

35
Section 3 Middle Colonies

By 1660, England had two clusters of colonies in
what is today the United States In the
northMassachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut
and Rhode Island and in the southMaryland and
Virginia.
Between the two groups of English controlled
lands were Dutch controlled lands.

In 1621, a group of Dutch merchants had formed
the Dutch West India Company to trade in the
Americas. Their posts along the Hudson River grew
into the colony of New Netherland.
The main settlement of the colony was New
Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island.

In 1626 the company bought Manhattan from the
Manhates people for small quantities of beads and
other goods .

Blessed with a good seaport, New Amersterdam
became a center of shipping to and from the
Americas.
To increase the number of permanent settlers in
its colony the Dutch West India Company sent over
families.
The Company gave large estates to any one who
brought at least 50 settlers to work the land.
Wealthy landowners who acquired riverfront
estates were called patroons.

Patroons ruled as kings, had their own courts and
laws.
Settlers owed the patroon labor and share of
their crops.
The Dutch colony was so valuable both in its
location and trade. The English wanted it. In
1664, the English sent a fleet to attack New
Amsterdam.

The governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was unprepared
for battle so he surrendered.

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,
the Duke of York, who renamed the colony New York.
40

New York was a proprietary colony, a colony in
which the owner, or proprietor, owned all the
land and controlled the government.
The Duke promised freedom of religion. This was
good news to the diverse population of the colony
which included the first Jews from Brazil,
Germans, Swedes, Native Americans, Puritans and
enslaved Africans.
New Amsterdam became New York City and was on of
the fastest growing locations in the colony.

The Duke had appointed a governor and council to
run the colony, but the people wanted
representative government like the other English
colonies.
The Duke resisted the idea but finally, in 1691,
allowed New York to elect a legislature.
The southern part of the New York colony was
given by the Duke to Lord Berkeley and Sir
Carteret which they named New Jersey.

This was also a proprietary colony. To get
settlers to the island Berkeley and Carteret
offered large tracks of land, freedom of
religion, trial by jury, and a representative
assembly to make local laws and set tax rates.

New Jersey was a place of ethnic and religious
diversity, but because it did not have natural
harbors it did not develop in to a major port
city.
The proprietors did not make the profits they had
expected to make, so they sold their shares of
the colony.
By 1702, it had become a royal colony.
The colonists kept they representative government
to make local laws.

44
Pennsylvania

In 1680, in repayment of a debt, William Penn
asked King Charles for a very large tract of land
that he named Pennsylvania.

Penn was a member of the Society of Friends, or
Quakers.
They believed
Every individual had
inner light to guide
them to salvation and
could experience
religious truth directly.
Everyone was equal in
Gods sight
They were pacifists and would
not fight in wars

Quaker beliefs challenged established traditions
in England and were considered threatening.
Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executed for
their beliefs.
Penn saw Pennsylvania as a place to put the
Quaker ideals of toleration and equality into
place.
He planned and built Philadelphia and wrote the
first constitution of Pennsylvania.

47
William Penns Plan
48

He also paid the Native Americans for the land.
To encourage settlement, he advertised the colony
throughout Europe.
By 1683 several thousand English, Welsh, Irish,
Dutch and German settlers had arrived.
In 1701, Penn granted the colonists the right to
elect representatives to the legislative assembly
with the Charter of Liberties.

49
Delaware

The representatives of the Lower Three Counties
of Pennsylvania had a long way to travel for
voting
So Penn in the Charter of Privileges allowed them
to form their own legislature.

Thereafter they functioned as a separate colony
known as Delaware supervised by Pennsylvanias
governor.

50
Section 4 The Southern Colonies

Establishing colonies in North America involved a
great deal of work. The settlers had to clear the
land, construct homes and churches, plant crops
and tend the fields.
As the colonies expanded so did the demand for
capable workers, especially in the south on the
large plantations.
This demand led to an increase in the number of
indentured servants and slaves.

51
Maryland

Lord Baltimore, Sir George Calvert, was Catholic
and he wanted to create a place where Catholics
could practice their religion with out being
persecuted. And hopefully he would make a
fortune.
In 1632, King Charles gave him a propriety colony
north of Virginia.

While Sir George did not see his colony dying
before the grant became official, his son Sir

Cecilius developed the colony and sent his two
brothers to run it.
Tobacco was the primary crop of Maryland, but to
make sure they were not too dependent on it they
diversified with corn, wheat, fruit, vegetables
and live stock.

Lord Baltimore gave large estates to his family
and friends creating a wealthy and powerful class
of landowners in Maryland.
The colony needed people to work in the
plantation fields. To bring settlers to the
colony 100 acres was promised to each male
settler, 100 acres for his wife, 100 settlers for
each servant and 50 acres for each child.
As the plantations increased additional workers
were imported through indentured servants and
enslaved Africans.

For years the Calvert, Lord Baltimores, family
and William Penns family had disputed the
boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
To end the dispute in the 1760s they hired
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to map a line
dividing the colonies.
The two scientists placed boundary stones that
had the Calvert Crest on one side and the Penn
Crest on the other.
The boundary line later would
represent the division between the
slaves states and the free states.

When Lord Baltimore opened the colony it was to
be a refuge for Catholics, but he did allow
Protestants to settler there as well.
As the Protestants number swelled, Baltimore
passed the Act of Toleration in 1649 that granted
Protestants and Catholics the right to worship
freely but tensions continued between Protestants
and Catholics.
By 1692, Protestants controlled the assembly and
imposed the same restrictions on Catholics that
existed in England.

While the northern and middle colonies were being
founded, Virginia was continuing to grow. This
led to more conflict with Native Americans as
colonists moved farther inland.
In 1640, to avoid conflicts, governor William
Berkeley worked out an agreement with Native
Americans, in exchange for a large piece of land,
the colonists would stop pushing farther onto
their lands.

Not everyone agreed with the governor. Some had
settled in the forbidden lands and blamed the
government for not protecting them from the
Native American raids.
In 1676, an wealthy young planter, Nathaniel
Bacon, led angry westerners in attacks on Native
American villages and on Jamestown to set fire to
the capital. They drove Berkeley into exile.
His rebellion collapsed when he got sick and died
and England sent troops to restore order.

Bacons Rebellion had shown the leadership of
Virginia and the English government that they
settlers were not willing to be confined to the
coast.
To protect the westerners the colonial government
created a militia force to control the Native
Americans and open up more land for settlement.

59
The Carolinas

In 1663, King Charles II created a large
proprietary colony south of Virginia. It was
named Carolina and he gave it to eight prominent
members of his court who had helped him regain
his throne.
The new proprietors carved out large estates for
themselves and hoped to make money by selling and
renting land. They began sending colonists over
in 1670.

By 1680, they had founded a city called Charles
Town after the king. Today it is called
Charleston.
They even had a constitution written.
But Carolina did not develop as planned because
of the type of settlers that came to the colony
and the economic endeavors that they embarked on.

The northern part was settled by farmers from
Virginias backcountry. They grew tobacco and
sold forest products. Because they did not have a
natural port they relied on Virginias ports for
trade.
Due to this they tended to be poorer than the
settlers in the south.

The southern section of Carolina had fertile
farmland and a good harbor at Charles Town.
Many of the settlers came from the island of
Barbados in the West Indies and they brought
their slaves. They traded in deerskin, lumber,
and beef. But they also discovered that rice grew
well and the West Indies slaves brought their
knowledge of rice cultivation from the rice
growing areas of West Africa.
Rice will become the primary crop of Southern
Carolina.

In 1740s, Eliza Lucas developed the cultivation
of a West Indies plant indigo for the creation of
blue dye for textiles.
This became a very important crop for Southern
Carolina.

By the 1700s Carolinas settlers were demanding a
greater role in the colonys government. In 1719,
settlers in the southern area seized control of
the government from its proprietors. And in 1729
Carolina became two royal coloniesNorth and
South Carolina.

65
Georgia

Georgia was the last of the British colonies in
America to be established, founded in 1733.
This colony was the idea of General James
Oglethorpe who wanted a charter to create a
colony where Englands debtors and poor people
could make a fresh start and get them out of
debtors prison.

The British government had another reason for
creating Georgia, it could protect the other
British colonies from Spanish attack over
territory in America.

Oglethorpe led the first group of settlers in
1733 building the town of Savannah and forts to
defend against the Spanish.
He declared that farms be kept small and banned
slavery, Catholics and rum.

The colony was settled by hundreds of poor from
Great Britain, religious refugees from Germany
and Switzerland soon Georgia had a higher
percentage of non-British settlers than any other
colony.
Settlers quickly began to complain about limits
on the size of landholdings and the law banning
slavery.
Oglethorpe grew frustrated at the settlers
complaints and lifted the bans on slavery and
land holding size and turned the colony back to
the King.