Memory

1
Chapter 6

• Memory

2
Memory

3

• The mental processes that enable us to retain and
  sue information over time

4
Encoding

5

• The process of transforming information into a
  form that can be entered into and retained by the
  memory system

6
Storage

7

• The process of retaining information stored in
  memory so that it can be used later in time

8
Retieval

9

• The process of recovering information so that we
  are consciously aware of it.

10
Stage model of memory

11

• A model describing memory as consisting of three
  distinct stages sensory memory, short term
  memory, and long-term memory

12
Sensory memory

13

• The stage of memory that registers information
  from the environment and holds it for a very
  brief period in time

14
Short-term memory / Working Memory

15

• The active stage of memory in which information
  is stored for about 30 seconds

16
Long-term Memory

17

• The stage of memory that represents the long-term
  storage of information

18
Maintenance Rehearsal

19

• The mental or verbal repetition of information in
  order to maintain it beyond the usual 30 seconds
  duration of short-term memory

20
Chunking

21

• Increasing the amount of info that can be held in
  short-term memory by grouping related items
  together into a single unit

22
Elaborative rehearsal

23

• Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning
  of information to help encode and transfer it to
  long-term memory

24
Levels of Processing framework

25

• the view that info that is processed at a
  deeper(more meaningful) level is more likely to
  be remembered than info that is processed at a
  shallow level

26
Procedural memory

27

• Category of long-term memory that includes
  memories of different skills, operations, and
  actions

28
Episodic memory

29

• Category of long-term memory that includes
  memories of particular events

30
Semantic memory

31

• Category of long-term memory that includes
  memories of general knowledge of facts, names and
  concepts

32
Explicit memory

33

• Information or knowledge that can be consciously
  recollected also known as declarative memory

34
Implicit memory

35

• Information or knowledge that affects behavior or
  task performance but cannot be consciously
  recollected

36
Clustering

37

• Organizing items into related groups during
  recall from long-term memory

38
Semantic Network Model

39

• A model that describes units of information in
  long-term memory as being organized in a complex
  network of association

40
Retrieval

41

• The process of accessing stored information

42
Retrieval cue

43

• A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall
  of a given piece of information in long-term
  memory

44
Retrieval Cue Failure

45

• The inability to recall long-term memories
  because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

46
Tip-of-the tongue Experience

47

• A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation
  of knowing that specific information is stored in
  long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to
  retrieve it

48
Recall

49

• A test of long-term memory that involves
  retrieving information without the aid of
  retrieval cues also called Free Recall

50
Cued Recall

51

• A test of the long-term memory that involves
  remembering an item of information in response to
  a retrieval cue

52
Recognition

53

• A test of long-term memory that involves
  identifying correct information out of several
  possible choices

54
Serial Position Effect

55

• The tendency to remember items at the beginning
  and end of a list better than items in the middle

56
Encoding Specificity Principle

57

• The principle that when the conditions of
  information retrieval are similar to the
  conditions of information encoding, retrieval is
  more likely to be successful

58
Context effect

59

• The tendency to recover information more easily
  when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as
  the original learning of the information

60
State-dependent Retrieval

61

• An encoding specificity phenomenon in which
  information that is learned in a particular drug
  state is more likely to be recalled while the
  person is in the same state

62
Mood Congruence

63

• An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a
  given mood to evoke memories that are consistent
  with that mood

64
Flashbulb Memory

65

• The recall of very specific images or details
  surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant
  personal event

66
Schema

67

• An organized cluster of information about a
  particular topic

68
Source Confusion

69

• A memory distortion that occurs when the true
  source of the memory is forgotten

70
Cryptomnesia

71

• A memory distortion in which a seemingly new or
  original memory is actually based on an
  unrecalled previous memory

72
Misinformation effect

73

• A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a
  persons existing memory can be altered if the
  person I exposed to misleading information

74
Forgetting

75

• the inability to recall information that was
  previously available

76
Encoding failure

77

• The inability to recall specific info because of
  insufficient encoding for storage in a long term
  memory

78
Interference Theory

79

• The theory that forgetting is caused by one
  memory competing with or replacing the other

80
Retroactive interference

81

• Forgetting in which new memory interferes with
  remembering an old memory backward-acting memory
  interference

82
Proactive interference

83

• forgetting in which the old memories interfere
  with remembering an old memory

84
Motivated Forgetting

85

• the theory that forgetting occurs because an
  undesired memory is held back from awareness

86
Suppression

87

• Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously

88
Repression

89

• Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously

90
Decay theory

91

• The view that forgetting is due to normal
  metabolic processes that occur in the brain over
  time

92
Memory Trace

93

• The brain changes associated with a particular
  memory stored

94
Long-term potentiation

95

• A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength
  between two neurons

96
Amnesia

97

• Severe memory loss

98
Retrograde amnesia

99

• Loss of memory, especially for episodic
  information backward-acting amnesia

100
Memory consolidation

101

• The gradual, physical process of converting new,
  long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term
  codes

102
Anterograde amnesia

103

• Loss of memory cause by the inability to store
  new memories forward- acting amnesia

104
People
105
Hermann Ebbinghaus
106

• German psychologist who originated the scientific
  study of forgetting plotted the first forgetting
  curve, which describes the basic pattern of
  forgetting learned information over time

107
Eric Kandel

108

• American neurobiologist who won the Nobel Prize
  in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of
  learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia

109
Karl Lashley

110

• American physiological psychologist who attempted
  to find the specific brain location of particular
  memories

111
Elizabeth Loftus

112

• American psychologist who has conducted extensive
  research on the memory distortions that can occur
  in eyewitness testimony

113
George Sperling

114

• American psychologist who identified the
  duration of visual sensory memory in a series of
  classical experiments in 1960

115
Richard Thompson

116

• American psychologist and neuroscientist who has
  conducted extensive research on the
  neurobiological foundations of learning and
  memory