Spanish Folder Notes 200607

1
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Can I please go to the restroom Puedo ir al
  baño, por favor?
• Can I please go to the Attendance Office? -
  Puedo ir a la Oficina de Admisión, por favor?
• Can I please go to the Nurses Office? - Puedo
  ir a la Oficina de la Enfermera, por favor?
• Can I please go to the Assistant Principals
  Office? - Puedo ir a la Oficina del (de la)
  Director(a) Auxiliar, por favor?
• Can I please go to drink water? - Puedo ir a
  tomar agua, por favor?
• Can I please go to my locker? - Puedo ir a mi
  armario, por favor?
• Can I please go to my ________ class to get my
  ______? Puedo ir a mi clase de _______ para
  recoger mi _____, por favor?
• Can I please sharpen my pencil? - Puedo sacarle
  punta a mi lápiz, por favor?
• Can I please go to the School Counselors Office?
  Puedo ir a la Oficina del Consejero Escolar,
  por favor?
• Can I please go to the library? Puedo ir a la
  biblioteca, por favor?
• Can I please use the computer? - Puedo usar la
  computadora, por favor?
• Can I please print a document? - Puedo imprimir
  un documento, por favor?
• Classroom Requests

2
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• 1 uno 11 once
  20 veinte
• 2 dos 12 doce
  30 treinta
• 3 tres 13 trece
  40 cuarenta
  
• 4 cuatro 14 catorce
  50 cincuenta
• 5 cinco 15 quince
  60 sesenta
• 6 seis 16 diez (10) y ()
  seis (6) 70 setenta
• 7 siete 17 diez (10) y ()
  siete (7) 80 ochenta
• 8 ocho 18 diez (10) y ()
  ocho (8) 90 noventa
• 9 nueve 19 diez (10) y ()
  nueve (9) 100 cien
• 10 diez

3
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• 101 ciento uno (100 1)
• 102 ciento dos (100 2)
• 103 ciento tres (100 3) - ETC.
• 200 dos cientos
• 300 tres cientos
• 400 cuatro cientos
• 500 quinientos
• 600 seis cientos
• 700 sete cientos
• 800 ocho cientos
• 900 nove cientos
• 1,000 (1.000) mil
• 2,000 (2.000) dos mil
• 3,000 (3.000) tres mil ETC.
• 100,000 (100.000) cien mil
• 1,000,000 (1.000.000) (un) millón
• 2,000,000 (2.000.000) dos millones

4
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• () más
• (-) menos
• (x) por
• () dividido por
• () es if the result is 1 or 0 son is more
  than 1
• 3G - Simple Math in Spanish

5
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The word hay is used to acknowledge the
  existence of a thing /or/ things. Hay means the
  following
• There is .
• There are .
• Is there? .
• Are there ?.
• Pretérito Hubo / Hubieron There was
• Imperfecto Había / Habían There used to be
• 4G - Hay (present, preterit imperfect tenses)

6
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Asking Simple Questions
• A simple question is one which requires a yes
  or no answer. In Spanish, you place the
  conjugated verb in front (invert) of the pronoun
  or proper noun Vives tú en España?
• Asking Limiting Questions
• The person asking limiting questions wants to
  know Which?, How much? Or How many?
• Cuál? Which
  one? (singular) Cuál prefieres tú? Which
  one do you prefer?
• Cuáles? Which ones?
  (plural) Cuáles prefieres tú? - Which
  ones do you prefer?
• Cuánto? / Cuánta? How much?
  Cuánto pan come él? How much bread
  does he eat?
• Cuántos? / Cuántas? How many?
  Cuántas ciudades visitan ustedes? How
  many cities
• 
  do
  you (youall) visit?
• 3. Asking Complex Questions
• The person requires a specific and detailed
  explanation.
• Quién? / Quiénes? Who? ( singular / plural
  forms)
• A quién? To whom?
• Qué? What?
• Cuándo? When?
• Dónde? Where?

7
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• If a living person (s) or animal (s), such as a
  pet (s), are the receiver of an action (verb) -
  then you must place an a directly before the
  mention of that person (s) or animal (s). Things
  that are not living or inanimate do not require
  the a.
• Examples
• (Yo) veo a Juan.
  I see John.
• (Yo) busco a Maria. I
  am looking for Maria.
• (Yo) veo el coche.
  I see the car.
• (Yo) busco el libro.
  I am looking for the book.
• Exceptions to the rule
• 1. The Personal a rule does not apply when
  the verbs SER TENER and HAY are used.
• 2. The Personal a rule does not apply when
  the receiver of the action is an unspecified
  person.
• 3. The Personal a rule does not apply when
  referring to animals that are not pets.
• 4. In a complex question that requires a
  Personal a - place the a before the question
  word
• A quién miras? - Whom are you watching?
  / A quién amas? Whom do you love?
• 5. When there is a series of receivers of the
  action of the verb that are people or pets you
  will need the Personal a for each receiver of
  the action
• (Yo) veo a Juan, a Miguel, a Margarita y a
  Lassie. / I see John, Michael, Margaret
  and Lassie.
• When the Personal a comes before the definite
  article el, it contracts to form al (a el)
• (Yo) veo al muchacho. / I see the boy.

8
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The Direct Object Pronoun (DOP) tells who or what
  receives the action of the verb. The DOP
  substitutes for the Direct Object Noun (DON) /or/
  the main subject noun of a sentence
• Me ----- me
• Te ----- you (Informal)
• Lo ----- you (formal) him it (masc.)
• La ----- you (formal) her it (fem.)
• Nos ---- us
• Los ---- them you all (masc. / mixed)
• Las ---- them you all (fem.)
• This is a 2 step process which requires you to
  find (1) the DON in a sentence and substitute it
  with a DOP, which agrees in NUMBER GENDER and
  (2) place it before the conjugated verb
• I want a car. --------------------- --- I want
  it.
• (Yo) quiero un carro. ------------- (Yo) lo
  quiero.
• 7G- Direct Object Pronouns

9
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• If the sentence contains 2 verbs, then you will
  have greater flexibility in using the DOP
• I want to buy that red car. ---------------------
  - I want to buy it.
• (Yo) quiero comprar ese carro rojo. ---------
  (Yo) lo quiero comprar.
• 
  (Yo) quiero comprarlo.
• The flexibility in using the DOP before the
  dominant conjugated verb
• quiero or its attachment at the rear of the
  inferior / auxiliary verb comprar can only be
  accomplished if 2 verbs are used in the same
  sentence. Any descriptive adjective ese
  rojo attached to the main subject noun will
  also be replaced by the DOP.
  
  
• 8G - DOP Contd

10
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Indirect Object Pronouns (IOP) are similar to the
  DOP, however, they focus on the indirect receiver
  of the action being given to /or/ for (a /or/
  para)
• Me ----- to / for me
• Te ----- to / for you (Informal)
• le ----- to / for you (formal) him / her
  it (masc. / fem.)
• Nos ---- to / for us
• Les ---- to / for them you all (masc. /
  fem.)
• I bought a gift for my mother. -------------------
  ------------ I bought her a gift.
• (Yo) compré un regalo para mi madre.
  ------------------- (Yo) le compré un regalo.
• le replaces para mi madre
• The IOP causes the indirect receiver of the
  action to be hidden leaving one to ask -- Who is
  receiving what?-- To clarify this we can mention
  who is receiving the indirect action of the verb
  by including that information without removing
  the IOP
• 
  (Yo) le compré un regalo a (para) mi madre.
  
• IOPs follow the same procedure as DOPs when the
  sentences contain 2 verbs in dominant and
  inferior positions.

11
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Direct Object Pronouns (DOP) and Indirect Object
  Pronouns (IOP) can both be used in the same
  sentence. In these sentences the DOP always
  comes immediately before the conjugated verb.
  The IOP comes before the DOP.
• DOP
  IOP ( to /
  for)
• me ------ me
  me ------ to /
  or / for me
• te ------- you (Informal)
  te ------- to / or/
  for you
• lo ------- you (Formal) him it (masc.)
• la ------- you (Formal) her it (fem.)
  le --------- to / or / for
  you him her it
• nos ----- us
  nos ------ to
  / or/ for us
• los ------ Them you all (masc.)
• las ------ Them you all (fem.)
  les -------- to / or / for
  them you all
• Ella nos sirvió el helado. ----------------------
  ---------- Ella nos lo sirvió.
• El mozo me dio la llave. ------------------------
  --------- El mozo me la dio.
• Papá te hizo las reservaciones.
  ---------------------- Papá te las hizo.

12
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• A. The IOPs le les change to se when
  used in the same sentence with either lo, la,
  los /or/ las.
• Ex
• 1. El asistente de vuelo les sirvió la comida a
  los pasajeros.
• El asistente de vuelo se la sirvió
• 2. El joven le dio los audífonos a su mamá.
• El joven se los dio.
• B. Because the pronoun se can refer to many
  different people, it is often clarified with the
  prepositional phrase
• 1. El asistente se la pasó a él (a ella, a
  usted, a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes).
• 11G Double (IOP DOP) Pronoun with Se

13
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• To compare people and things in Spanish use the
  following formulas in your expressions
• (REMEMBER that the NUMBER GENDER of the initial
  subject noun directly affects the ADJECTIVE)
• To express that someone or something is more
  (más) or less (menos) than the other, use the
  following formula
• ______ MÁS / MENOS ADJECTIVE QUE
  ______
• Juan es más alto que
  Pedro
• María es menos alta que
  Isabel.
• To express comparison of equality use the
  following formula
• ________ TAN ADJECTIVE COMO
  ________
• Barry es tan guapo como
  Pedro
• Barry no es tan guapo como
  Brad Pitt
• 12G Usages of Comparative Superlative formulas

14
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• To express a superlative in Spanish to say that
  someone or some thing is the most or the
  least use the following formula
• _______ (el, la, los, las) más /
  menos ADJECTIVE de ______.
• (the)
  (most / least) (adjective) (in)
• Alex es el más guapo de
  la familia.
• Rachel es la menos bonita
  de la familia.
• 4. There are 4 (four) adjectives with
  irregular comparative forms
• MEJOR
  better, best
• PEOR
  worse, worst
• MAYOR
  older, oldest
• MENOR
  younger, youngest
• La mejor película del
  año es Star Wars III.
• Frank es mayor que yo.
• 13G Usages of Comparative Superlative formulas
  Contd

15
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• In English to compare equal quantities in
  reference to people /or/ things (nouns), we use
  the expression as much as /or/ as many
  as
• He has as much money as I.
• He has as many girlfriends as I.
• In Spanish you use tanto como.
  Because tanto is an adjective it has to agree
  in number gender with the noun.
• TANTO (a-os-as) NOUN COMO
• Él tiene tanto dinero como yo.
• Él tiene tantas novias como yo.
• 14G Comparing Nouns

16
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• AR / ER / IR
• o
  o o
• as
  es es
• a
  e e
• amos
  emos imos
• an
  en en
• 1V - AR, ER, IR regular verb conjugations
  (plug-ins) in the present tense.

17
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Ser
  Estar
• Origin
  1. Location
• Relationships (familial / selected)
  2. Mood
• Physical attributes
  3. Physical condition
• Personality characteristics
  4. Result of Action
• Possession
  5. Unnatural color / condition
• Profession
  6. Going from general to the
  particular
• Identification
• Date Time
• Nationality
• Natural color
• 2V Conditions for Ser Estar

18
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-0

• Reflexive verbs, such as LAVARSE (to wash
  oneself), reflect the action back to you, another
  person or thing.
• Subject Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
  
• Yo ---------------------------- me lavo ( I
  wash myself)
• Tú----------------------------- te lavas ( you
  wash yourself)
• Ud.
• Él------------------------------ se lava (
  you formal wash yourself he / she washes
  himself / herself)
• Ella
• Nosotros (as)--------------- nos lavamos (we
  wash ourselves)
• Uds.
• Ellos--------------------------- se lavan (you
  all you as a group wash yourselves they wash
  themselves
• Ellas
• 3V Reflexive Verb formation

19
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• (A) At times Reflexive Pronouns are plugged into
  the end of the Infinitive verb. This can only
  happen when there is a dominant conjugated verb
  preceding (coming before) the reflexive verb.
• Yo voy a lavarme las manos.
• Yo quiero cepillarme los dientes
• Tú necesitas peinarte el pelo.
• Ud. va a lavarse las manos?
• Nosotros vamos a vestirnos ahora.
• Ellas comen la cena dos (2) horas antes de
  acostarse.
• (B) When making reference to ones own body part
  (s) it is not necessary to use the possessive
  adjectives mi (s) , tu (s), su (s), nuestro / a
  (os, as), because it is understood that since
  you are using the verb in the reflexive that you
  are talking about your body part (s). Instead
  use the definite article el (los), la (las) plus
  the body part (s).
• 4V - Reflexive Verbs continued

20
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-7

• The preterit tense allows you to refer to
  specific past actions in 4 specific ways
• At a fixed point in time
• I called you at 3OO.
• He bought the car on Tuesday afternoon.
• We saw the movie last night.
• A specific number of actions
• I called you five times.
• They ate ten sandwiches.
• She read the book twice.
• During an enclosed amount of time
• I worked for 8 hours.
• The movie lasted 2 ½ hours.
• He lived there for 2 years
• Unspecified quantity of time or number

21
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• AR / ER
  / IR
• é
  í
  í
• aste
  iste iste
  
• ó
  ió ió
• amos
  imos imos
• aron
  ieron ieron
• 6V Regular AR, ER, IR verb conjugations
  (plug-ins) in the Preterit / Pretérito

22
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The following 9 irregular stem
  changing verbs are either AR, ER or IR, but all
  share the same plug-in conjugations
• AR-ER-IR
• e
• iste
• o
• imos
• ieron
• Stem Change
• Andar to walk anduv
  plug-in
• Estar to be estuv
  
• Tener to have tuv
  
• Poder to be able to pud
• Poner to put to place pus
• Saber to know sup
• Hacer to make to do hic
  (use hizo when in reference to Ud., él,
  ella)
• Querer to want quis
• Venir to come vin
  

23
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Present / Preterit
• Decir to say to tell
  digo dije
• 
  dices dijiste
• 
  dice dijo
• 
  decimos dijimos
• 
  dicen dijeron
• 
  
• 8V Special irregular verb decir

24
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• In irregular present tense verbs, the last vowel
  letter ( o, u, e ) of the infinitive stem changes
  to either ue /or/ ie in all forms of the
  present tense except in the nosotros (as) form
• 3 STEP EXAMPLE Jugar to play (game)
• 1. Jug / ar
• ? ?
• Stem verb ending
• 2. Jug ? Jueg / PLUG IN
• 3. juego juegas juega jugamos juegan
• Stem Changing vowels
• (o ? ue)
• (u ? ue)
• (e ? ie)
• 9V Irregular Stem Changing verbs in the present
  tense
• 
  

25
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Irregular verbs
• Empezar (e ? ie)
• Comenzar (e ? ie)
• Perder (e ? ie)
• Jugar (u ? ue)
• Devolver (o ? ue)
• Poder (o ? ue)
• Querer (e ? ie)
• Volver (o ? ue)
• Preferir (e ? ie)
• 10V Irregular Stem Changing verbs in the
  present tense Contd
• 
  

26
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The e of the infinitive stem changes to i
  in all forms of the present tense except in the
  nosotros form
• Plug - ins
• o
• es
• e
• imos
• en
• Irregular Stem
• Pedir to ask for to request ? pid (
  ped in the nosotros (as)
  
  
• Servir to serve ? sirv
  ( serv in the nosotros (as)
• Seguir to follow ? sigu
  (Use sig for the yo segu in
  nosotros (as)
• Vestirse to dress oneself ? vist (
  vest in the nosotros (as)
• 11V Irregular Stem Changing verbs in the
  present tense

27
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The e of the infinitive stem changes to i
  in the preterit / past tense in the Ud. , él /
  ella and the Uds. , ellos / ellas forms
• Plug ins
• í
• iste
• ió
• imos
• ieron
• Irregular Stem
• Pedir to ask for to request ? ped
  ( pid in Ud., él, ella -
• 
  Uds., ellos /
  ellas)
• 2. Repetir to repeat
  ? repet ( repit in Ud., él, ella -
• 
  Uds., ellos /
  ellas)
• 3. Vestirse to dress oneself ?
  vest ( vist in Ud., él, ella -
• 
  Uds., ellos /
  ellas)

28
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The e of the infinitive stem of the verbs
  preferir, and divertirse changes to i in the
  Ud. , él / ella and the Uds. , ellos / ellas
  forms
• The o in dormir changes to u in the Ud. ,
  él / ella and the Uds. , ellos / ellas forms
• Plug-ins
• í
• iste
• ió
• imos
• ieron
• Irregular Stem
• Preferir to prefer ? prefer
  ( prefir in Ud., él / ella Uds., ellos
• 
  / ellas)
• 2. Divertirse to amuse oneself
• to enjoy
  oneself ? divert ( divirt in Ud., él
  / ella Uds., ellos
• 
  / ellas)
• Dormir to sleep ? dorm
  ( durm in Ud. él / ella Uds., ellos
• 
  / ellas)

29
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Unlike the Preterit Past Tense (specific
  action, time, number of times) the Imperfect
  Past Tense indicates that an action took place
• Over a non-specific period of time
• Was repeated an indefinite period of time
• Habitual or continuous period of time where the
  phrase used to precedes (comes before) the
  verb.
• Examples
• I used to live in St. Louis. (used to verb)
• John always ate cereal for breakfast. (always
  repeated / indefinite time)
• Mary was a good talker. (Habitual on going
  action in the past to present to future)
• 14V The Imperfect Past Tense explained

30
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Nearly all verbs in the imperfect are regular in
  their stem. Only the verbs SER, IR VER are
  irregular in their stem.
• Regular Imperfect Verb Plug-Ins
• AR / ER / IR
• aba ía ía
• abas ías ías
• aba ía ía
• ábamos íamos íamos
• aban ían ían
• 15V Imperfect Past Tense Plug - Ins

31
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Ser Ir
  Ver
• era íba
  veía
• eras íbas
  veías
• era íba
  veía
• éramos íbamos
  veíamos
• eran íban
  veían
• 16V Irregular Imperfect Verbs Ser, Ir Ver

32
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• To talk about future events in Spanish use the
  following plug-ins and attach to the infinitive
  verb
• AR-ER-IR
• é
• ás
• á
• emos
• án
• Yo hablaré con mi profesor. -------------I will
  talk to my teacher.
• Tú estudiarás la lección.
  --------------- You will study the lesson.
• Él no escrbirá la carta.
  ------------------ He will not write the
  letter.
• 17V The Future tense using regular verbs

33
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• tendr__ tener
  AR / ER / IR
• podr___ poder
  é
• vendr__ venir
  ás
• saldr__ salir
  á
• har___ hacer
  emos
• dir____ decir
  án
• querr__ querer
• pondr__ poner
• sabr___ saber
• If a future tense verb does not match any of
  the ones indicated here, use the infinitive form
  of the verb and plug in the future tense
  endings indicated in bold letters above.
• 18V - Irregular Stems for Future Tense Verbs

34
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• To talk about potential / conditional ( but / if)
  events in Spanish use the following plug-ins and
  attach to the infinitive verb
• AR-ER-IR
• ía
• ías
• ía
• íamos
• Ían
• Yo hablaria con mi profesor pero él no está en
  clase. -------------I would talk to my teacher
  but he is not
• 
  
  in class.
• Yo estudiaría la lección pero no tengo el tiempo.
  --------------- I would study the lesson but I
  have no
• 
  
  time.
• Él escribiría la carta si tuviera papel.
  ------------------ He would write the letter if
  he had paper.
• 19V The Potential / Conditional (would) tense
  using regular verbs

35
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• tendr__ tener
  AR / ER / IR
• podr___ poder
  ía
• vendr__ venir
  ías
• saldr__ salir
  ía
• har___ hacer
  íamos
• dir____ decir
  ían
• querr__ querer
• pondr__ poner
• sabr___ saber
• If a conditional tense verb does not match any
  of the ones indicated here, use the infinitive
  form of the verb and plug in the conditional
  tense endings indicated in bold letters above.
• 20V Irregular Stems for Conditional Tense Verbs

36
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The following are the general conditions under
  which you would use either the Preterit or
  Imperfect past tense
• Preterit
  Imperfect
• 1. Completed Action in
  1. Description of something in the past
• the past
• 2 An immediate / initial reaction
  
• to something
  2. Profession
• - to be happy
  3. To express time or date with the verb
• - to be sad
  SER Estar to describe temporary
  conditions
• - to like
  4. Continuous / Habitual action in the
  past (used to ..)
• - to surprise
  5. Progressive action in the past with
  verbs
• 
  ending in ing. In Spanish with
  verbs ending with ando
• 
  iendo. For Example comiendo
  hablando escuhando
• 
  viviendo.
  
• 
  

37
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Preterit
  Imperfect
• Esta mañana todas las
  mañanas
• Ayer
  cada día (semana, mes,año)
• Anoche
  todas las noches todo el tiempo
• El sábado pasado todos los
  sábados todo el día
• Hoy
  casi siempre siempre
• Una vez a
  menudo con frecuencia generalmente
  frecuentemente
• De repente
  mientras nunca por un rato
• Cuando (interruption) Cuando
  (description)
• 
  a veces de vez en cuando muchas veces tantas
  veces
• 
  varias veces
• Verbs commonly used in the Imperfect querer
  creer amar conocer doler esperar
• estar gustar molestar odiar pensar (en)
  poder saber sentir / sentirse
• 22V Preterit Imperfect tense Phrase / Word
  indicators

38
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• To determine whether the verb should be either
  Preterit or Imperfect please ask yourself these
  questions
• Preterite
• Is the verb being used to complete an action
  ONE TIME EVENT?
• Is the verb being used to complete a specific
  number of times something was done AND THEN IT
  ENDED?
• Is it an immediate / initial reaction to
  something?
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________________
• Imperfect
• 4. Is there something more?
• 5. Is the verb being used to describe
  an action?
• If you are still confused, chances are that the
  verb should be conjugated in the IMPERFECT past,
  especially if
• it is describing an action and NOT completing,
  finishing or ending an action. SEE CARDS 21V
  22V for other reasons to conjugate in the
  IMPERFECT.
• 23V - Preterit Vs. Imperfect Questions to ask
  yourselves

39
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• A sentence in the Passive Voice indicates that an
  action is performed, but there is no named person
  or thing specifically responsible for doing the
  action. It is vague and generalized as to who or
  what is doing the action. We use the Ud.- él
  ella and Uds. ellos ellas levels to conjugate
  the verb into action. The pronoun se is used
  to introduce the verb action
• Se habla español aquí Spanish is spoken here
• Se hablan seis (6) idiomas aquí Six (6)
  languages are spoken here
• Las manzanas se venden en la frutería Apples
  are sold in the fruit store
• El pescado no se vende en la carnicería Fish is
  not sold in the butcher store
• 24V The Passive Voice with se

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The Present Perfect Tense is a compound tense
  which uses a helping verb to aide the dominant
  verb to describe an action completed very
  recently in the past
• 1. The helping verb is haber to have.
• 2 The dominant verb is also called the past
  participle.
• 3 The past participle of regular verbs is
  formed by adding ado to the infinitive stem of
  AR verbs and ido to the infinitive stems of ER
  IR verbs.
• HABER
  COMER (past participle)
• (yo) he
  com ido ---------------------------- I
  have eaten.
• (tú) has
  comido ---------------------------- You
  have eaten.
• (Ud.él ella) ha
  comido ---------------------------- You
  He She it has eaten.
• (Nosotros /as) hemos
  comido ----------------------------- We have
  eaten.
• (Uds. ellos ellas) han
  comido ----------------------------- You all
  They have eaten.
• 4. Sentence indicators for the PPT are
• ya already, yet jamás
  ever, never
• todavía no not yet nunca
  never
• 25V The Present Perfect Tense (PP/T)

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• visto ver
  Haber
• escrito escribir
  he ________
• roto romper
  has ________
• vuelto volver
  ha ________
  
• hecho hacer
  hemos ________
• dicho decir
  han ________
• devuelto devolver
• puesto poner
• muerto morir
• abierto abrir
• cubierto cubrir
• If a PPT verb does not match any of the ones
  indicated here, use the example forms on Card
  23V.
• 26V Irregular Stems for Present Perfect Tense
  (PP/T)

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The Present Perfect Tense of card 21V refers to
  the recent past or past actions which are still
  true. The Past Perfect Tense (Past P/T) refers
  to the remote, unspecified and vague past actions
  which occurred just prior to a specific point in
  time.
• 1. The helping verb is haber to have.
• 2 The dominant verb is also called the past
  participle.
• 3 The past participle of regular verbs is
  formed by adding ado to the infinitive stem
  of AR verbs and ido to the infinitive stems of
  ER IR verbs.
• HABER
  COMER (past participle)
• (yo) había
  com ido ---------------------------- I had
  eaten.
• (tú) habías
  comido ---------------------------- You
  had eaten.
• (Ud.él ella) había
  comido ---------------------------- You He
  She it.
• 
  
  had eaten.
• (Nosotros /as) habíamos comido
  ----------------------------- We had eaten.
• (Uds. ellos ellas) habían
  comido ----------------------------- You all
  They had
• 
  
  eaten.
• 27V The Past Perfect Tense (Past P/T)

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The Present Progressive verb tense is used to
  describe what is happening/ or /going on RIGHT
  NOW. It is formed by the present conjugated
  tense of ESTAR a present participle.
• The present participle is formed by taking the
  stem of the infinitive and adding ando to AR
  verbs or iendo to ER / IR verbs.
• The translation in English has a form of to be
  (am, is are) ing
• I am talking------------------------Estoy
  hablando.
• We are drinking------------------Estamos bebiendo
• Where are you-all living?-----Dónde están
  viviendo?
• 28V The Present Progressive Tense

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The subjunctive mood can be categorized into 7
  subjective forms of expression
• Desire
• Ignorance
• Impersonal opinion
• Uncompleted action
• Vague or indefinite antecedent
• Maybe / perhaps
• even if
• At the root of every subjunctive sentence, there
  is always some aspect not known or not
  controllable.
• The subjunctive does not indicate or report
  concrete information (Indicative mood). It is an
  inner expression of personal desire, ignorance,
  etc.
• Example I know that you speak Spanish.
  (Indicative reporting information)
• Vs.
• I hope that you speak Spanish.
  (subjunctive desire)
• 29V The Rules of the Subjunctive Mood /Tense

45
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• In sentences where there is a subjunctive clause,
  or a grouping of words with a verb in it, often
  there is also an indicative clause which reports
  desire, ignorance or an impersonal opinion
• Diagram
• _____________ that _________________.
• ?Main Clause ? Subordinate Clause
• Indicative Subjunctive
• 30V The Rules of the Subjunctive Mood / Tense
  Contd

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The following are the 3 rules of Present
  Subjunctive verb conjugation
• Take the yo form of the conjugated verb
• hablar.. (Yo) hablo
• querer. (Yo) quiero
• 2. Remove the o plug-in
• hablar.. (Yo) habl__
• querer. (Yo) quier_
• Add the following Subjunctive plug-ins
• AR ER IR
• e a a
• es as as
• e a a
• emos amos amos
• en an an
• 31V Present Subjunctive Plug-ins

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• The following 6 verbs are irregular in the
  present subjunctive
• Dar dé des dé demos dén
• Estar esté estés esté estemos estén
• Haber haya hayas haya hayamos hayan
• Ir vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayan
• Saber sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepan
• Ser sea seas sea seamos sean
• 32V Irregular verbs in present subjunctive

48
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Verbs in the Main Clause which express a wish, a
  preference, a request, etc., will set-up the need
  for the subjunctive in the subordinate clause.
• The following are commonly used DESIRE verbs that
  require the use of the subjunctive
• Esperar to hope
• Exigir to demand
• Insistir en to insist (on)
• Ojalá God willing I strongly
  hope
• Pedir (e ? i) to request
• Preferir (e ? ie) to prefer
• Querer (e ? ie) to want
• Rogar (o ? ue) to pray to beg
• Surgerir (e ? ie) to suggest
• 33V Subjunctive expressions of Desire

49
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Verbs in the Main Clause which express ignorance
  or doubt, will set-up the need for the
  subjunctive in the subordinate clause.
• The following are commonly used ignorance verbs
  that require the use of the subjunctive
• Dudar que
  to doubt that
• No creer que
  to not believe that
• No estar convencido / or / a de que to not
  to be convinced that
• No estar seguro / a de que
  to not be sure that
• No inmaginarse que
  to not imagine that
• No parecer que
  to not seem that
• No pensar que
  to not think that
• No suponer que
  to not suppose that
• Temer que
  to suspect, fear that
• 34V Subjunctive expressions of Ignorance

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Verbs in the Main Clause which express emotion,
  uncertainty, unreality, or an indirect or implied
  command will set-up the need for the subjunctive
  in the subordinate clause. The following are
  commonly used impersonal expressions that require
  the use of the subjunctive
• Conviene que it is advisable
  that
• Es fantástico que it is fantastic
  that
• Es imposible que it is impossible
  that
• Es importante que it is important
  that
• Es improbale que it is unlikely
  that
• Es increíble que it is incredible
  that
• Es una lástima que it is a pity that
  a shame that
• Es mejor que it is better
  that
• Es necesario que it is necessary
  that
• Es posible que it is possible
  that
• Es probable que it is probable
  that
• Es preferible que it is preferable
  that
• Es ridículo que it is ridiculous
  that
• Es terrible que it is terrible
  that
• Más vale que it is better
  that
• Ojalá que I hope
  (that) if only he (it, they, etc.) would, could,
  might God willing (that)
• Puede ser que it may be that
• 35V Subjunctive expressions of Impersonal
  Opinion

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• When the action of the subordinate clause is
  pending or indefinite, as in Ill speak with
  Matthew when he arrives," that verb will be in
  the subjunctive. The following are commonly used
  uncompleted action expressions that require the
  use of the subjunctive
• In most cases the main clause will be the
  future tense (see card 17V)
• (Yo) estaré en casa tan pronto como compre
  el medicamento de la farmacia.
• A menos que unless
• Antes (de) que before
• Con tal (de) que provided that
• Cuando when
• Después (de) que after
• En caso de que in case
• Hasta que until
• Mientras que while
• Para que so that in order
  that
• Sin que without
• Tan pronto como as soon as
• 36V Subjunctive expressions of the Uncompleted
  Action

52
Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• When the object or the person being referred to
  in the main clause is not known to actually
  exist, you will need to use the subjunctive in
  the subordinate clause. This difference can be
  seen in the following sentences
• I have a secretary who is efficient. (definite
  / indicative)
• Vs.
• I want a secretary who is efficient.
  (indefinite / subjunctive)
• __________________________________________________
  _____________
• Él quiere una esposa que gane mucho dinero.
• He wants a wife that earns a lot of money.
• ? The Personal a Rule is not required with
  verbs of desire for a person who does not yet
  exist.
• No conozco a nadie que sepa zapatear.
• I dont know any one who knows how to
  tap-dance.
• 37V Subjunctive expressions of Vague or
  Indefinite Antecedent

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Phrases that are set-up by words Perhaps or
  Maybe indicate uncertainty and require the
  subjunctive form.
• He words acaso, quizá(s) and tal vez all mean the
  same as Perhaps and Maybe. They can all be
  used interchangeably.
• NOTE
• Acaso is generally reserved for writing, quizá(s)
  and tal vez are used more in daily conversation.
• Quizá(s) él no te conteste. ----- Perhaps /
  Maybe he wont answer you.
• Tal vez ella este enferma. ----- Perhaps / Maybe
  shes sick.
• Acaso ellos no vayan de compras ----- Perhaps /
  Maybe they wont go
• 
  
  shopping.
• 38V Subjunctive expressions of Perhaps
  Maybe

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Spanish Folder Notes 2006-07

• Aunque even if although even though. When
  the action has not yet occurred or is not known
  to be occurring, sets up and is followed by
  subjunctive verb conjugation.
• Example
• Aunque él no hable español, lo contrataré. ----
• Even if he doesnt speak Spanish, Ill hire him.
• Aunque no ganemos, estaremos felices. --
• Although we may not win, well be happy.
• 39V Subjunctive expression of Aunque

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