Rockets

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Rockets

• Flying into space

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Rodolfo Ramirez
Principles of technology
January 2006
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Table of contents
Introduction
Process
Introduction 2
Process 2
History
Practical Rocketry
History 2
Practical rocketry 2
Timeline
Modern uses
Principals
Modern uses 2
NASA Launches
Principals 2
How rockets work
NASA Launches 2
Graph
How rockets work 2
Scientific process
Positives Negatives
Nature of Science
Concluding thoughts
Nature of Science 2
Index
Problem solving
Glossary
Problem solving 2
Resources
Resources 2
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An Introduction To Rockets

• Scientists believed that the Chinese invented
  rockets and was the first to build a working
  rocket which was describe as "Arrows of flying
  fire" By 1300 the use of rockets has spread
  through out much of Asia and Europe.
• During the early 1800"s.
• In 1800"s an English inventor William Hale
  improved accuracy in Military rockets.

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An Introduction To Rockets 2

• By substituted three fins for the long wooden
  tail which was used to guide the rocket, these
  rocket was used in the Mexican war and the
  American Civil war (1861-1865).

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Historical account

• For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial
  and warfare uses starting with the ancient
  Chinese, the first to create rockets.
• The lineage to the immensely larger rockets now
  used as space launch vehicles is unmistakable.

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Historical account 2

• Thus, as far as spaceflight and space science are
  concerned, the story of rockets up to the
  beginning of the 20th century was largely
  prologue.
• These first rockets burned a substance called
  black powder which consisted of charcoal salt
  paper and sulfur which used as a fireworks and as
  a weapon.

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Rocketry timeline

Congreve rockets 19th century
Chinese fire arrows 13th century
Invention of Gunpowder 1st century
Step rocket 16th century
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Century
1900
Liquid propellant rocket -1926
V2 Rocket -1944
Jupiter C launch of explorers -1958
Mercury Redstone -1961
Delta, Scout -1960
2000
Atlas -1963
Delta Clipper -1995
X Rockets -20??
Gemini titan -1965
Space Shuttle -1981
Apollo-Soyuz Saturn 1B -1975
Pegasus -1990
2000
Apollo Saturn 1B -1968
Apollo Saturn V -1968
Skylab Saturn V -1973
Apollo Saturn 1B -1968
Titan III -1974
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Principals

• A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber
  enclosing a gas under pressure.
• A small opening at one end of the chamber allows
  the gas to escape, and in doing so provides a
  thrust that propels in the opposite direction.
• A good example of this is a balloon.

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Principals 2

• Air inside a balloon is compressed by the
  balloon's rubber walls.
• The air pushes back so that the inward and
  outward pressing forces are balanced.
• When the nozzle is released, air escapes through
  it and the balloon is propelled in the opposite
  direction.

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How rockets work

• Thrust is the force that propels a rocket or
  spacecraft and is measured in pounds, kilograms
  or Newtons.
• Physically speaking, it is the result of
  pressure which is exerted on the wall of the
  combustion chamber.

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How rockets work 2

• To create high speed exhaust gases, the necessary
  high temperatures and pressures of combustion are
  obtained by using a very energetic fuel and by
  having the molecular weight of the exhaust gases
  as low as possible.
• It is also necessary to reduce the pressure of
  the gas as much as possible inside the nozzle by
  creating a large section ratio.

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Scientific Process

• On January 2nd 2004 the NASA space mission,
  STARDUST, will fly through comet Wild 2,
  capturing interstellar particles and dust and
  returning them to Earth in 2006.
• Space scientists from the Open University and
  University of Kent have developed one of the
  instruments which will help tell us more about
  comets and the evolution of our own solar system .

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Nature of Science

• Over the course of human history, people have
  developed many interconnected and validated ideas
  about the physical, biological, psychological,
  and social worlds.
• Those ideas have enabled successive generations
  to achieve an increasingly comprehensive and
  reliable understanding of the human species and
  its environment.

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Nature of Science 2

• The means used to develop these ideas are
  particular ways of observing, thinking,
  experimenting, and validating.
• These ways represent a fundamental aspect of the
  nature of science and reflect how science tends
  to differ from other modes of knowing.

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Problem Solving

• In the early days of rocketry many aircraft
  features were adapted to the new vehicles.
• Dr. Robert Goddard placed vanes, similar to the
  tail surfaces of an airplane, on the nozzle
  section of his early rockets.
• Turning these one way or the other deflected a
  portion of the exhaust gases, pushing the
  rockets tail in the opposite direction.

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Problem Solving 2

• The mere presence of the vanes, however, reduces
  the efficiency of the rocket.
• Whatever amount of downward thrust pushes
  against the vanes cancels out an equal amount of
  the thrusts upward push inside the rocket.
• The solution developed for large rockets and
  space boosters was to gimbal the nozzle.

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Process

• A solid rocket is a class of rocket in which the
  fuel and oxidizer are mixed together and cast
  into a solid material.
• This solid material is typically formed into
  cylindrical blocks with a void along the
  centerline.
• Once exposed to an ignition source, a flame
  travels through this empty central region and
  consumes the propellant grain radially until the
  fuel supply is exhausted.

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Process 2

• A liquid rocket, on the other hand, has separate
  fuel and oxidizer tanks in which the two
  substances are stored as fluids until they are
  combined and burned in the rocket's combustion
  chamber.
• Although liquid rockets are typically more
  powerful and efficient, solid rockets are usually
  less complex and safer to store.

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Practical Rocketry

• The first rockets ever built, the fire-arrows of
  the Chinese, were not very reliable.
• Many just exploded on launching. Others flew on
  erratic courses and landed in the wrong place.
• Being a rocketer in the days of the fire-arrows
  must have been an exciting, but also a highly
  dangerous activity.

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Practical Rocketry 2

• Today, rockets are much more reliable.
• They fly on precise courses and are capable of
  going fast enough to escape the gravitational
  pull of Earth.
• Modern rockets are also more efficient today
  because we have an understanding of the
  scientific principles behind rocketry.
• Our understanding has led us to develop a wide
  variety of advanced rocket hardware and devise
  new propellants that can be used for longer trips
  and more powerful takeoffs.

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Modern Uses

• A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which
  obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of
  fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket
  engine. In military terminology, a rocket
  generally uses solid propellant and is unguided.
• These rockets can be fired by ground-attack
  aircraft at fixed targets such as buildings, or
  can be launched by ground forces at other ground
  targets.

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Modern Uses 2

• A missile, by contrast, can use either solid or
  liquid propellant, and has a guidance system.
• This distinction generally applies only in the
  case of weapons, though, and not to civilian or
  orbital launch vehicles.

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NASA Launches

• NASA launched Saturday its Swift satellite, which
  will track huge explosions of gamma rays, the US
  space agency said.
• The Delta rocket launches lifted of from Cape
  Canaveral at 1216 pm, according to NASA, which
  televised the launch live.

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NASA Launches 2

• It was slated to enter Earth orbit one hour and
  20 minutes later at an altitude of 600 kilometers
  (370 miles).
• Swift is a 250 million dollars mission, with
  British and Italian participation.
• Scientist hope it will provide insights into
  black holes.

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Graph
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Negative Aspect

• The negative aspects of rocketry are that it
  pollutes the air and the earth with.
• they waste a lot of fuel on the rockets just
  for they could get launched into space.

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Positive Aspects

• The positive aspects of rocketry are that you get
  to explore other planet .
• You could go to another planet and discover new
  things.

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Concluding thoughts

• What I think about rocketry is that its good
  because if it wasnt for rockets people would
  have never gone to the moon and outer space

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Index

• Arrows of flying fire

• vehicles

• nozzle

• combustion chamber

• psychological

• ignition

• aircraft

• NASA

• rocketry

• jet

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Resources

• When you watch a Space Shuttle launch and see
  that enormous vehicle rise up into the air, it's
  thrust that makes it all happen.
• Thrust is the force produced by a rocket in
  reaction to a high-speed jet of exhaust gas.
• Newton's Third Law talks about action and
  reaction, and it's evident here.

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Resources 2

• The action is the high-speed jet of gas, and the
  reaction is the energy produced the thrust .
• But Space Shuttle engines have a problem they
  waste a lot of the energy used to create that
  thrust.