Concentrating Collectors for Process Heat Applications

1
Concentrating Collectors for Process Heat
Applications

• Dipl.-Phys. Christian Zahler
• PSE GmbH
• consulting engineers for renewable energies
• www.pse.de
• 15 June
• Local Renewables 2007

2
Survey

• Concentrating collector technology
• Process heat applications and market
• Solar Cooling
• Fresnel Process Heat Collector
• Conclusions

3
Collector Key Component for Conversion of Solar
Radiation to Heat

• Two Axis tracking
• operating temperature lt 1200 C
• Solar Tower plant capacity 10 MWel,
• Dish Stirling unit capacity 10-25 kWel,
• One axis tracking
• operating temperature lt 550C
• Parabolic trough, linear Fresnel plant capacity
  0.1-100 MWth/el,
• Stationary
• operating temperature lt 150C
• Vacuum tube CPC unit capacity 1 kWth,

Market available technology
4
Developments Concentrating Process Heat
Collectors

• Solitem GmbH, DLR, SIJ PTC1800, PTC 1000
• Button Energy, AEE Intec Parasol
• Ciemat-PSA Fasol
• Lotus Solar, NREA
• PSE GmbH linear Fresnel
• Aosol Energias Renováveis Lda.
• Solarfocus
• Finsun Energy, Vattenvall Utveckling AB MARECO

Source IEA-SHIP
5
Installed Capacity and Produced Energy -
Worldwide (2005)
Difficult electric / thermal capacity, rated /
max. power
Source IEA-SHC
6
Final Energy Consumptionexample Germany
Source ARGE Energiebilanzen, VDE -
Projektgruppe Nutzenergiebilanzen, Data from 2003
7
Temperature distribution of Process Heat
Demandexample Austria
Source Neubarth, Kaltschmitt, 2000
8
Solar Cooling!
Office building in southern Europe (e.g. Madrid)
Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
9
Solar Cooling

• ObviousHigh cooling demand corresponds with
  high solar irradiation no seasonal storage
  necessary
• not so obvious need for off peak (night time)
  operation ? shift (storage) for several hours
  may be needed

10
Solar thermally driven air conditioning
chilled water
Thermally driven cooling process
heat
conditioned air
Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
11
Coefficient of Performance - COP
Overview
Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
12
Heat driven cooling cycle
Absorption Technology
13
When can solar AC be applied?
Overview

• Variety of technical solutions for centralised
  systems available
• No technical solution available for decentralised
  room air-conditioning (split systems)

Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
14
Absorption chillers - todays systems
Absorption Technology
single-effect absorption double-effect
absorption
many products gt 100 kW few products lt100 kW
water/LiBr, Tdrive ?75C...110C ammonia/water,
Tdrive gt 160C COP?0.7 several manufacturers
often direct fired no products lt100 kW in
most cases water/LiBr COP?1.1 Tdrive
?140C...180C
Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
15
Typical figures
Absorption Technology
low temperature
high COP
dry cooling
advantages
16
Chiller Producers
Absorption Technology

• H2O/LiBrTrane, Carrier, Yazaki, York, Broad,
  EAW, Phoenix, Ebara, LG Machinery, Sanyo Mc Quay,
  Sulzer-Escher Wyss, Entropie, Century
• NH3/H2ORobur, Colibri, AWT, Mattes, ABB,
  Solarfrost

17
Solar cooling plants
Produktionshallen in Griechenland
Hotel air-conditioning

• parabolic trough collector produces heat at
  180C 180 m2 aperture area
• double effect absorption chiller (cooling
  capacity 116 kW, 4 bar saturated steam COP gt
  1.2)
• air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for
  the hotel laundry
• LPG-fired back-up steam boiler
• site Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey)
• first system with double effect chiller

Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
18
Solar cooling
Office building (demonstration plant) in Italy

• Fresnel collector 132 m2
• 2 NH3/H2O Absorption Chillers (each 15 kW)
• First system with a fresnel type collector

19
Realised Projects in Europe
Solar Cooling with process heat collectors

• approx. 100 plants in Europe
• (as at 2006)
• average collector area per cooling capacity
• 3 m2/kW for water chillers
• 10 m2 per 1000 m3/h for desiccant systems

Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
20
Cooling Demand
Solar Cooling with process heat collectors

• Cooling demand for air-conditioning in
  Germanyup to 32.000 GWh/a
• Cooling demand for production, distribution and
  storage of food in Germany
• up to 19.000 GWh/a

Source Winter, Fraunhofer IUSE, Februar 2006
21
Market Opportunities

• Drivers
• Environmental problems of conventional
  refrigerants
• Cost of conventional energy
• Shortages in electricity supply
• Environmental concerns marketing of green image
• Potential promising market niches
• Solar combi-plus systems (DHW and heating plus
  cooling) residential, small-commercial
• Applications with other added values beside
  energy saving green thinking, environmentally
  sound behaviour e.g. hotels in sunny, tourist
  areas

Source Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
22
Conclusions

• Differents types of chillers are available
• Different types of collectors for different
  chillers are available
• Development of heat driven systems to replace
  decentralized room air conditioners (e.g. split
  systems) remains a high challenge
• Solar cooling is interesting for
• for Suppliers its a small but growing market
• for Utilities summer peak load can be reduced
• for Consumers less pollution, less noise, green
  label

23
Linear concentrating Fresnel-Collector
24
First Prototype by Giovanni Francia
25
Present activities on linear Fresnel collectors

• SHP Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd, Australien?
  Ausra Inc., Palo Alto, CA
• SPG Solar Power Group GmbH in cooperation with
  MAN Ferrostaal Power Industry GmbH
• NOVATEC Biosol AG
• PSE GmbH

26
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
PSE Why not process heat?

• Idea downscaling of the collector by a factor 2
  compared to power plant collectors
• Fresnel advantages are still valid
• Stationary Receiver
• Low Wind load
• Flat glass mirrors
• High ground coverage
• New Rooftop Installation

27
Fresnel Collector for Solar Cooling

• Project co-funded by Deutsche Bundesstiftung
  Umwelt
• Construction and Evaluation of a prototype in
  Freiburg
• Installation and Monitoring of a demonstration
  system in Bergamo / Italy

28
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
1st PrototypeFreiburg
29
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
1st PrototypeFreiburgMeasurements
30
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
2nd PrototypeBergamo
31
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
2nd PrototypeItalyMeasurements19.09.2006
32
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
1st PrototypeFreiburgefficiency
33
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
Gross Heat Production
34
How much is it?

• Price of the collector incl. Installation and
  Hydraulics ca. 500 700 / m²

35
Summary Next steps

• Two prototypes of the PSE linear Fresnel process
  heat collector (88m² Freiburg, 132m² Bergamo) are
  being operated and monitored
• Next project 350m² Fresnel Collector in Sevilla
  - Solar Cooling
• Commercialization is planned for 2008

36
Conclusions

• A wide variety of concentrating solar
  technologies are market available
• Concentrating solar collectors are able to
  provide process heat
• at high temperatures
• reliably
• at large scale
• Research demand for concentrating systems
• materials
• components
• system integration