Transport and development Transport

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Transport and developmentTransport the
cityJérôme Pourbaix

• 27.01.09
• CIEM

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Mobility in Cities Database

• 120 indicators of urban mobility economics.
• Collected in 50 cities worldwide.
• Data for 1995 and 2001.

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Structure of the Presentation

• The relationship between mobility behaviour and
  the performance of urban transport.
• Policies in favour of public transport.

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Energy Consumption for Passenger Transport

• Energy consumption for passenger transport
• Consumption of fuel for private modes (cars,
  etc.)
• Consumption of fuel and electricity for public
  transport.
• Expressed in Mega Joules / inhabitant / year

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Energy Consumption for Passenger Transport
Annual energy consumption (megajoules/inhabitant)
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Energy Consumption for Passenger Transport
Annual energy consumption (megajoules/inhabitant)
Chicago
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Energy Consumption for Passenger Transport
Annual energy consumption (megajoules/inhabitant)
Hong-Kong
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Energy Consumption for Passenger Transport

• Other explicative factors
• Urban density,
• Size of the city,
• Volume of mobility,
• Cost of fuel.
• Savings represent about 20 full tanks per person
  per year.

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Cost of Transport for the Community

• Cost of Transport for the Community
• Cost of public transport operation investment
• Cost of building and maintaining roads
• Cost of using a car for the citizens
• Expressed in of the urban GDP

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Cost of Transport for the Community
Cost of transport for the community ( of GDP)
Proportion of trips made on foot, by bicycle and
on public transport
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Cost of Transport for the Community
Cost of transport for the community ( of GDP)
Chicago
Proportion of trips made on foot, by bicycle and
on public transport
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Cost of Transport for the Community
Cost of transport for the community ( of GDP)
Helsinki
Proportion of trips made on foot, by bicycle and
on public transport
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Cost of Transport for the Community

• Other explicative factors
• Urban density,
• Richness of the city.
• Savings represent about 3,000 per person per
  year.

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Structure of the Presentation

• The relationship between mobility behaviour and
  the performance of urban transport.
• Policies in favour of public transport.

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Policies in Favour of Public Transport

• Development of public transport
• Control of car traffic and parking
• Integration of spatial planning and public
  transport

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Development of Public Transport

• Volume of public transport supply (frequency and
  capillarity)
• Speed, regularity and reliability
• Cost for the traveller
• Qualitative factors

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Development of Public TransportCoverage of Urban
Areas by Public Transport Networks
Public transport market share (mechanised
motorised trips)
Number of vehicle x km per hectare
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Development of Public TransportCoverage of Urban
Areas by Public Transport Networks
Public transport market share (mechanised
motorised trips)
Vienna
Sao Paulo
London
Number of vehicle x km per hectare
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Curitiba, Brésil
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Development of Public TransportRelative speed of
public transport
Public transport market share (mechanised
motorised trips)
Average car speed / average public transport speed
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Development of Public Transport Bus Rapid
Transit
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Development of public transport Cost for the
traveller

• Fare policy has various objectives.
• In general, there is little correlation between
  fare level and modal split.
• Demand elasticity is not constant.
• Range of concessionary fares.
• Impact of fare integration on modal split.

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Development of public transport Qualitative
factors

• Comfort, cleanliness,
• Accessibility,
• Feeling of security,
• Etc.
• Importance of a global quality approach.

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Policies in Favour of Public Transport

• Development of public transport
• Control of car traffic and parking
• Integration of spatial planning and public
  transport

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Control of car traffic and parking Available
measures

• Access restrictions
• Congestion (and emission) charging
• Parking restrictions
• Parking charges

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Control of car traffic and parking Access
restrictions

• Restriction of through traffic in city centre.

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Control of car traffic and parking Access
restrictions

• Selected areas accessible by car to residents and
  authorized vehicles only (city centre or
  residential areas)

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Control of car traffic and parking Access
restrictions

• Access restrictions during peak hours
• Access authorisation based on environmental
  performance of vehicles
• Access to city centre reserved to pedestrians,
  cyclists and public transport

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Control of car traffic and parking
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Control of car traffic and parking
Congestion charging

• To discourage the use of private vehicles in a
  given area and/or during a given period.
• Zone charge, cordon charge, km charge.
• Usually flat fare
• London, Stockholm.
• An asset for public transport, but some issues
  (planning increased demand, availability of
  funding).

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Control of car traffic and parking
Congestion charging
London
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Control of car traffic and parking
Congestion charging
Stockholm
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Control of car traffic and parking
Congestion and emission charging

• To discourage the use of vehicles with high
  emissions.
• Fare varies according to vehicle type.

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Control of car traffic and parking Parking
restrictions
Public transport market share (mechanised
motorised trips)
Number of parking spaces per 1000 jobs in the CBD
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Control of car traffic and parking Parking
policy in Bogota
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Control of car traffic and parking Parking
restrictions and parking charges

• Increasing number of cities fix a ceiling for
  parking availability in new buildings (before was
  the opposite!)
• Parking charge structure disincentive for
  commuter use of parking (to the benefit of shop
  clients).

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Policies in Favour of Public Transport

• Development of public transport
• Control of car traffic and parking
• Integration of spatial planning and public
  transport

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Integration of public transport urban planning
- Modalities of integration

• Structuring (dense) suburban developments
• Mixing activities along high quality networks
• Public transport oriented urban design
• Urban regeneration

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Conclusion

• The strength of public transport and the city are
  intertwined.
• Benefits of public transport are maximised when
  policies in favour of public transport are
  integrated with measures for traffic reduction
  and spatial planning.
• www.uitp.org