Manifest Destiny

1
American History
Manifest Destiny Chapter 12
2
American History
The Oregon Country Section I
3
The Oregon Territory
Section I Oregon Territory
4
The Popular Oregon Territory
Russia Not much of a threat, just searching

• United States
• On our continent
• Trade to East Asia

Spain Adams-Onis Treaty Northern California for
Oregon

• Britain
• A little soar about two wars
• Joint occupation

Section I Oregon Territory
5
The Oregon Territory
Russia- 1824
Britain- 1825
Spain - 1819
Section I Oregon Territory
6
First Settlers
East coast Europe

• Mountain Men
• Trappers
• Wilderness experts
• Lived with and married Native Americans
• Beaver high demand
• Traded with merchants once a year

Section I Oregon Territory
7
Merchants in the Northwest

• John Jacob Astor
• American fur company
• Trade with East coast, Europe and China

Why was American discovered? Will this encourage
manifest destiny?
Section I Oregon Territory
8
Mountain Men Transition

• Beaver furs over harvest
• Guides to the Oregon Country
• South pass Robert Stuart and Jedeiah Smith

Section I Oregon Territory
9
Oregon Trail
Section I Oregon Territory
10
Oregon Trail
Section I Oregon Territory
11
The Great Migration

• Economic troubles Panic of 1837
• Start yet another new
• Independence, MO
• 2,000 miles
• Prairie Schooners

Why is this an emigration?
Section I Oregon Territory
12
Willamette Valley
Fertile Farm land
Section I Oregon Territory
13
Manifest Destiny
America Model of freedom and democracy

• America
• Spread freedom
• Occupy entire continent (coast to coast)

John OSullivan NY Newspaper Manifest Destiny
Section I Oregon Territory
14
Fifty-four Forty

• James Polk
• Democrat
• Believed in manifest destiny

Election of 1844

• Henry Clay
• Whig
• No position on Oregon

Section I Oregon Territory
15
American History
Independence for Texas Section II
16
Territory of America
Section II Independence for Texas
17
Whose Territory
United States
France
Spain
Section II Independence for Texas
18
Population

• Texas
• Tejanos Mexican living in Texas
• Native Americans

Spanish to increase the population

• Spanish offered vast land grants
• Empresarios recruit and bring families members
  to Texas

Why?
Section II Independence for Texas
19
Population

• Texas
• Tejanos Mexican living in Texas
• Native Americans

Spanish to increase the population

• Spanish offered vast land grants
• Empresarios recruit and bring families members
  to Texas

Increase tax revenues?
Section II Independence for Texas
20
American Arrive in Texas

• Moses Austin
• 1st Land grant
• Pass to son Stephen Austin

Mexico wins Independence
Old Three Hundred
Section II Independence for Texas
21
American Arrive in Texas
Old Three Hundred
Section II Independence for Texas
22
American Arrive in Texas

• Mexico
• Three colonization laws

Learn Spanish
Catholicism
Mexican Citizens
Obey Mexican law
Land low prices and reduced or no taxes
Section II Independence for Texas
23
1830 Texas

• Americans
• Out number Mexicans
• Not adopted Mexican laws
• Strong trade with US
• Texans owned slaves

• Mexico
• Decree stop American immigration
• Recruit more Europeans and Mexicans
• Abolishing slavery

Section II Independence for Texas
24
Cause and Effects
Mexico
Americans
Stephen Austin
Santa Anna

• Lift ban on American Settler
• Texas separate state

• Agrees to settler
• No -Texas separate

• Intercepted
• Austin imprisoned

• Sends letter back, get ready for independence

• Santa Anna declares himself dictator of Mexico
• Stronger control of Texas
• Send troops to Texas

• Settlers unhappy

• Texans criticizes Santa Anna

Section II Independence for Texas
25
War begins
Texas Revolution

• Mexican troops loss battle

• Held cannons at Gonzales

• American-Texas call for volunteers for free land
• African-Americans and Tejanos

• American-Texans liberate San Antonio
• Unclear of next action and who was in charge

• Santa Anna sends more troops
• Fighting commences at the Alamo (San Antonio)

Section II Independence for Texas
26
The Alamo

• American-Texans
• Davey Crocket
• William Travis (CDR)
• Limited number of troops and quantities of
  supplies

• Mexico
• Superior number of soldiers

12 days of intense fighting
March 6, 1836 Texas declares its independence
Section II Independence for Texas
27
Republic of Texas

• Declaration of Independence
• Similar to Jefferson's DOI
• Bill of rights
• Freedom of religion
• Right to trial by jury
• Bear arms
• Right to petition

• Mexico
• Sends troop into the Republic of Texas
• Prohibits free election of government officials

Texas select a temporary government
David Burnet President Sam Huston Commander and
Chief
Section II Independence for Texas
28
Republic of Texas

• Sam Houston
• Consolidate army
• Withdrew from Goliad
• Mexican army ambushes and captures
• Santa orders their execution
• Orders surprise attack on San Jacinto
• Santa Anna captured
• Signs treaty granting Texas their independence
  (May 14, 1836)

• Mexico
• Official government does not recognize Santa
  Annas treaty

Battle cry Remember the Alamo, remember Goliad
Section II Independence for Texas
29
Republic of Texas

• Sam Houston
• 1st elected president
• Asked for annexation to US
• President Jackson refused
• Slave balance
• Large debt and no money to pay citizens
  (American revolution)

• Mexico
• Official government does not recognize Santa
  Annas treaty
• Fighting continues between the two countries

Section II Independence for Texas
30
Future of Texas

• President Van Buren
• Did not approve
• Slave balance
• Did not want war with Mexico

South Slave states
North Free state

• President Polk
• Approved
• Texas and Oregon

Section II Independence for Texas
31
American History
War with Mexico Section III
32
Manifest Destiny Continues
Section III War With Mexico
33
Manifest Destiny Continues
New Mexico
Section III War With Mexico
34
New Mexico Territory

• Spain
• 1500s searched for silver and gold (Seven
  cities of Cibola)
• Founded Santa Fe in 1610
• Kept American away for fear of Annexation

• Mexico
• Gained with it independence
• Region basically governed itself
• Welcomed American settlers to bring in revenue
  (1821)

Welcoming settlers in Texas
Section III War With Mexico
35
New Mexico Territory

• William Becknell
• Sold goods for more in Santa Fe than in St.
  Louis
• Route he traveled Santa Fe Trail

• American
• Manufactured goods
• clothes
• fire arms

• Mexicans
• Raw materials
• furs
• silver
• mules

Section III War With Mexico
36
New Mexico Territory

• Manifest destiny strikes
• Mountain Men explore California
• California Trail

• Spanish Mission
• Spread Christianity
• Plantations Native Americans as slaves

Section III War With Mexico
37
California

• Mexico
• Gained with their independence
• Early on a series of missions spread
  Christianity (Spanish)
• 1833 law against missions
• Wealthy Mexicans established ranchos (large
  plantations)
• cattle/horse
• Natives Americans similar to slaves

• Americans
• Early arrivals shippers
• Merchants
• Limited numbers

Section III War With Mexico
38
California

• John C. Fremont
• Mild climate, scenic beauty, abundance of
  natural resources

• James K. Polk
• Felt it was our destiny
• Safety, as Britain was still in Oregon
• Offers to buy region (30m) Mexico refuses
• Rio Grande as border Mexico wants Texas back
• Needs to provoke a WAR

• Benefits
• Access to China and Japan
• Safety sea border v. foreign border

• Mexico
• Mexico refuses to repay American citizens who
  suffered losses during the Mexican War of
  Independence (sounds familiar)

Section III War With Mexico
39
Polks Plan to Justify War

• James K. Polk
• Needs Congress and the population support
• Mexico still steaming from Texas Annexation
• America will pay war debt
• Texas Mexico border ?

• Gen Zachary Taylor
• Establish forts in disputed area
• Mexican soldiers attack American Army
• Polk gets his wish Mexico starts war ???

Section III War With Mexico
40
Americans Attitude
Supporters

• Democrats
• Newspapers wrote supporting columns encourage
  population
• Many volunteers signed up for the military

Non-Supporters

• Whigs
• northerners spread slavery
• Abraham Lincoln wants to know the exact location
  of attacks - ??
• Slaves felt it would encourage and spread slavery

Section III War With Mexico
41
Polks Strategy
Phase I

• Gen Zachary Taylor
• Establish a secure border with Mexico
• Drive out the Mexican Army in the disputed area
• Rio Grande is the border
• Mission accomplished in Feb 1847

Section III War With Mexico
42
Polks Strategy
Phase II

• Gen Stephen Kearny
• Seize New Mexico and California
• Seize Santa Fe without firing a shot

Dumb Luck

• John Fremont
• Kit Carson
• Lead small group of Americans in fight to
  liberate California
• Bear Flag State
• US Navy helped secure California

Section III War With Mexico
43
Polks Strategy
Phase III

• Gen Winfield Scott
• Beach-head at Veracruz
• March onto Mexico City
• Secure Mexico City August 1847

• Mexico
• Citizens even joined the fight against American
  Army
• Mexican government surrenders

Section III War With Mexico
44
Post War

• Americans
• Lost 1,721 to combat and 11,000 to diseases
• 100 million price tag

• Mexico
• Mexico lost half its Territory

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• February 1848
• American claims Texas and Rio Grande border
• Mexican Cession
• California and New Mexico
• Gains 15 million

Gadsden Purchase

• US pays 10 million
• Gains southern edges of New Mexico and Arizona

Section III War With Mexico
45
Post War
Section III War With Mexico
46
American History
New Settlers in California and Utah Section IV
47
Territory of California
Section IV New Settlers in California and Utah
48
Territory of California
Section IV New Settlers in California and Utah
49
Territory of California

• Gold Rush
• People spanning the globe come to California
• 1849
• What were these new settlers known as
• Every type of person had Gold Fever

• 80 were Americans
• Mexico, S. America, Europe and Australia
• China first Asian immigrants

Section IV New Settlers in California and Utah
50
Californias Land Law
Land Law of 1851

• Californios Mexican citizens living in
  California
• had to prove they owned the land when an
  American settler tried settling on their land
• Californios has to present papers to a judge

Section IV New Settlers in California and Utah
51
Boomtowns

• Virtually overnight
• varied of merchants came to sell goods to miners
• Limited experiences as miners
• Long hours bent over streambeds washing and
  panning
• Doubled the worlds supply of gold
• Levi Strauss
• Lawless communities vigilantes
• Population soar over a four (4) period
• California was denied statehood slavery

Section IV New Settlers in California and Utah
52
Future of Texas
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Section II Independence for Texas