Chapter 4: Criminal Justice in the New Millennium

1
Chapter 4 Criminal Justice in the New Millennium

• Two Major late-20th century developments have
  dramatic impacts on the content of CJ
• Expansion in national and international terrorism
• World-wide expansion in information technology

2
1) Terrorism in the 20th century

• What specifically is terrorism?
• The systemic use of violence against general
  populations in pursuit of ideological aims
• Use of violence to terrorize influence
• Note that terrorism is not a new phenomenon
• E.g., Jewish Zealots in 1st century C.E.
  extensive Roman use of crucifixion to intimidate
  populations
• Reign of terror after French revolution
  (late1700s)
• Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia in 1917

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1) Terrorism in the 20th century (cont.)

• Different Types of terrorism based on
• Ideological framework
• Religious
• Political
• Ethnic
• Purpose or Goal
• Revolution
• Political change
• Separatism
• Racial/Ethnic cleansing

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1) Terrorism in the 20th century (cont.)

• Explanations of terrorism Why does it occur?
• May be focused at two different levels
• Individual Level (who does it)
• Psychological pathology
• Socialization
• Alienation
• Social Structural level (why happen here)
• Inequality and repression
• Social disorganization

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1) Terrorism in the 20th century (cont.)

• Impact of terrorism on Criminal Justice in the
  U.S.
• Change the substance of the criminal law
• Change the procedures for criminal justice
  e.g., the USA Patriot Act
• Changes the organization of criminal justice
  agencies e.g. Home Security
• Blur boundaries of criminal justice
• Raise constitutional questions about process

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1) Information Technology as a Growing Justice
Problem

• Key issues in IT
• Computerization of mechanical tasks
• Global connectivity of communication networks
• Expansion of the Internet into homes and remote
  locations

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Growth in Information Technology Results in
Cyber-Crime

• Cyber-Crime crime committed through use of
  computer systems or networks
• Three distinct forms identified in text
• Computer crime (from within computer systems)
• Internet crime (using the internet to gain
  illegal access to other computer systems from
  outside)
• Cyber-terrorism (a stretch on the term
  terrorism)
• A better term would be cyber-vandalism or
  cyber-sabotage

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Impact of Cyber-Crime on Criminal Justice

• New forms of crime appear and multiply that
  reflect new technology
• Spread of crime across geographic areas (physical
  location becomes irrelevant
• Creation of new laws and new enforcement
  practices
• Development of new agencies offices
• Ongoing conflict with traditional freedoms and
  constitutional guarantees