Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

1
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 22 Global Responsibilities After the Cold
  War, 1991-2001

2
Strategic Implications Post-Cold War

• July 31, 1991, START I
• Gorbachev and Bush Arsenals to be cut by 25-30
• September 27,1991, President Bush announced
  Soviets no longer pose creditable threat to the
  U.S.
• SAC bombers off 24-hour alert
• Removed all tactical nukes from Navy surface, sub
  and aircraft

3
Soviet CollapseDecember 8, 1991

• Boris Yelstin elected President after Soviet
  collapse. He was re-elected in 1996 and resigned
  in December of 1999, due to health.
• Successor of states Russia, Kazakhstan,
  Ukraine, and Belarus. Ukraine and Kazakhstan
  became the third and fourth largest nuclear
  states.
• Russia joined U.S. in NPT (Nonproliferation
  Treaty of 1968), demanding other states disarm
• U.S. and Russia found themselves comrades in
  arms to prevent uncontrolled nuclear weapons in
  former Soviet Union, North Korea, Pakistan, and
  India.

4
North Korea

• Early 1993, N. Korea violated signed treaty and
  prevented inspections of Atomic Energy Agency
  inspections of nuclear waste sites
• Possible separation of plutonium from reactors
• President Kim Il-Sung accused U.S. and S. Korea
  of spying for the purpose of a planned,
  organized, joint nuclear strike on the North
• President Sungs son, Kim Jong-Il, succeeds
  father to presidency eighteen months later and
  agrees with President William Clinton to allow
  inspections for light-water reactors that do not
  produce plutonium.
• 31 August 1998, N. Korea launched a ballistic
  missile over Japan. N. Korea demanded lift of
  economic sanctions.

5
India/Pakistan

• May 1998, India announced detonation of five
  nuclear weapons in Thar Desert near Pakistan
  border
• 1968, India refused to sign NPT
• 1974, became nuclear power
• U.S. and U.N. plead with Pakistan not to respond
  to test. Pakistan conducts 6 tests within a
  month.
• On 6 June 1998, both countries sign
  Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968 and the
  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
• Little effect?both countries still engage in
  testing through non-official testing sites

6
Missile Defense Systems

• Decades of arms control negotiations, dissolution
  of the Soviet Union, and in the afterglow of the
  Cold War, nuclear war seems less plausible to
  Americans
• Threat of massive retaliation simply would not
  deter terrorists, so missile defense becomes
  topic of the end of the 1990s
• December 1999, President Yeltsin resigns Putin
  acting president until March 2000 elections
• Clinton and Putin sign 1999 National Missile
  Defense Act Treaty calling for a missile defense
  system as soon as technologically feasible, while
  working to further reduce weapons arsenal

7

• January 2001 President G. W. Bush takes office
• President Bush decoupled American and Russian
  strategic interests for first time since Nixon
• May 1, 2001 Announces intention to build Missile
  Defense system, intentionally violating the
  Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Soviet Union
  in 1972
• Further solidifies Russian and Chinese
  partnership
• July 2001 Successful test. Missile-borne kill
  vehicle intercepts Minuteman II
• December 2001 Formally withdraw from 1972 ABM
  Treaty

8
Post-Gulf War IRAQ

• 1990s includes a series of Operations where the
  Navy, especially the carrier battle group (CVBG)
  is a primary instrument.

9
1992

• UNSCR 687 stipulated Iraq must provide full
  disclosure of all aspects of its nuclear,
  chemical, biological, and long-range missile
  weapons programs
• August 26- No Fly Zone (NFZ) OPERATION SOUTHERN
  WATCH
• December 27- F-16D destroys MiG-25 intruding NFZ

10
1993

• January 13. Thirty-five aircraft from the Kitty
  Hawk lead strike against 32 Iraqi SAM sites that
  have continues to target planes patrolling the
  NFZ.
• January 17. Three destroyers launch a total of
  45 Tomahawk cruise missiles into Zaafaraniyah
  Nuclear Fabrication Facility 41 hit their
  targets.
• Aegis cruiser launches 23 missiles at Iraqi
  Intelligence Service Headquarters in Baghdad.

11
1995

• August 17. OPERATION VIGILANT SENTINEL. U.S.
  sends two CVBGs in response to Iraqi threat on
  Kuwait and Jordans borders.
• September. Iraq finally declared the existence
  of two projects to disseminate biological agents
  from Mirage F-1 and MiG-21 aircraft, yet there is
  no evidence that the prototype weapons and
  aircraft were ever destroyed

12
1996

• September 3. OPERATION DESERT STRIKE. Iraqi
  troops threaten Kurds under protection of
  Operation Provide Comfort
• September 4. Clinton extends NFZ to the 33rd
  parallel

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14
1997

• OPERATION NORTHERN WATCH. Enforcement of NFZ
  over Northern Iraq

15
1998

• July. Iraq seized from the hands of UNSCOM
  inspectors an Iraqi Air Force document indicating
  that Iraq misrepresented the expenditure of over
  6,000 bombs that may have contained over 700 tons
  of a chemical agent
• November 14. Saddam suspends all contact with
  U.N. inspection teams. Hide-and-seek had begun
  in 1991
• December. Saddam stopped all cooperation with
  the U.N., refusing to let any weapons inspectors
  into the country
• December 16. OPERATION DESERT FOX

16
1999

• Nine years after the Gulf War, sanctions remained
  in place because of Iraqs behavior
• No Iraqi biological weapon production records
  have been given to the UN, besides one referring
  to a single year

17
2001

• February 16. Air strike on Iraq.
• August 10. More than 25 strikes this year in
  response to anti-aircraft fire and missile
  launches

18
2002

• January 21 and February 28. U.S. and British
  planes strike anti-air sites in response to fire
• January 29. President Bush announces, Iran,
  Iraq, and North Korea constitute an axis of
  evil.

19
Yugoslavia
1991

• June 27. Fighting starts in Slovenia, spreading
  to Croatia
• November 8. Europe places economic blockade on
  Yugoslavia

1992

• January. U.N. protection force sent
• May 22. U.N. recognizes Croatia, Slovenia, and
• Bosnia as independent states

20
1992, Cont.

• March 30. U.N. called for humanitarian aid,
  economic embargos, and ban on air traffic
• July 1. Washington called for relief flights
  that would be multinational and be supported
  until OPERATION DENY FLIGHT in April 1993
• September 22. Yugoslavia expelled from U.N. in
  response to Milosevics atrocities

21
1993

• April 12. OPERATION DENY FLIGHT. NFZ over
  Bosnia.
• June 15. OPERATION SHARP GUARD. Adriatic
  blockade.

1995

• August 30- September 21. OPERATION
• DELIBERATE FORCE. NATO bombing
• offensive.

22
1998

• June 14. OPERATION DETERMINED FALCON.

1999

• March 24- June 10. NATO war with Yugoslavia.
• OPERATION DENY FORCE.
• December 14. Dayton Accords. Ended war in
  Bosnia.

23

• Somalia
• 1991 overthrow of presidential dictator, Siad
  Barre, creates a vacuum in which rival clans
  fight for power. Widespread starvation ensures.

24
1992

• August 18- December 9. OPERATION PROVIDE
  RELIEF145,000 tons of food, medicine, and other
  vital supplies
• December 9. OPERATION RESTORE HOPEForces
  deployed to protect delivery of food and supplies

1993

• June 5. Mogadishu, 24 members of a detachment
  of Pakistani peacekeepers are killed.
• October 3. 400 U.S. Army troops ambushed. 18
  Americans killed 77 wounded.
• October 7. Clinton orders troops to Somalia.

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26
1992

• March 24. U.S. withdraws.

1995

• March 3. OPERATION UNITED SHIELD. U.N.
  evacuates Somalia, covered by multinational
  force, including U.S. ships and Marines.

27
AmericasWar on Terrorism

• September 11, 2001. World Trade Center /
  Pentagon attacked. President Bush declares War
  on Terrorism the very next day.
• Ultimatum to Taliban in Afghanistan to close
  al-Quaeda training camps and surrender Bin Laden.
• The state of the Navy 12 CVBG, 12 ARG, 108
  Surface Combatants, 55 SSBN, 3 Marine divisions,
  3 Marine Air Wings. 2 carriers present in
  Persian Gulf.

28
U.S. Strike Assets Used

• 15 U.S. long-range bombers, B-1, B-52
• 25 Carrier Attack A/C, F-14s, F/A-18s
• Tomahawks, Aegis cruisers, Aegis destroyers, and
  Los Angeles - class submarines.
• Intent of campaign is for the Northern Alliance
  to be able to take offensive- 15,000 troops.
• Taliban
• Ground 40,000 fighters
• No Taliban fighter aircraft successfully launched

29
The Continued Campaign

• By November 13, the Northern Alliance has taken
  the offensive
• Northern Alliances multiple tribes announce
  intention to form inclusive government.
• November 25. Marines/Special Forces ashore.
• December 4-16. Tora Bora. Victory in 11 days.
• December 6. New Afghan Government.
• By December 17, two million lbs of bombs expended
  in multiple air strikes against Taliban.
• December 22. Hamid Karzai interim Prime Minster
  of Afghanistan.
• As of January 2002, Afghanistan has an interim
  government and multi-national ground force, naval
  forces, and combat air patrols all on station.