I 1R lnRr0

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I µ 1/R ln(R/r0)
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3D Loss-of-Equilibrium Model
Titov Démoulin (1999)
1. flux rope
3 field sources
3. line-current
2. magnetic   charges
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Simulation of Torus Instability
1. no subsurface line current 2. subcritical
twist for helical kink 3. torus center near
surface
nonhelical kink (see Bateman 1973)
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