Unit 6, Part 2 Notes

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Unit 6, Part 2 Notes

• Photosynthesis and Respiration

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Energy

• E Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work
• Chemical Energy is stored in bonds
• Solar Energy is from the sun, radiant energy
• Light and Heat
• Heat Energy is also thermal energy this is how
  we lose most of our energy
• Mechanical Energy energy of movement

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Metabolism

• Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions
  in the body
• Exothermic Reaction releases heat during the
  reaction
• Endothermic Reaction uses/absorbs heat during
  the reaction
• Both types are going on at the same time in our
  bodies.

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Energy Transformation

• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• Store Energy in CELLS
• ADENOSINE adenine ribose
• TRIPHOSPHATE 3 phosphate groups
• Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

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Energy Transformation

• ATP is called the "currency" of the cell
• ATP is a small packet of Energy that can be used
  a little at a time, like coins
• ATP is constantly reused and recycled
• You cant buy things without , cells cant
  work/move without Energy from ATP

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Energy Transformation

• ATP is hydrated to form ADP (adenosine
  diphosphate)
• reaction is hydrolysis, H2O is added and
  phosphate is released
• when the phosphate bond breaks, the Energy stored
  there is released

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Energy Transformation

• The removed phosphate is recycled to another ADP
  molecule to make ATP
• reaction is dehydration synthesis
• Energy is stored in the new phosphate bonds

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Photosynthesis

• How do organisms make ATP to be able to use it?
• From the energy stored in GLUCOSE
• Photosynthesis turns solar Energy into chemical
  Energy

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Photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts use solar E
  to convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and E storing
  carbohydrates (glucose)
• Done by green plants, protists like algae, and
  some bacteria
• CO2 H2O ? C6H12O6 O2
• (opposite of cellular respiration)

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Photosynthesis

• Two Reactions during Photosynthesis
• Light reaction needs light H2O and makes ATP
  and oxygen
• These go to the Calvin Cycle
• Coverts Sunlight into Chemical Energy
• Dark reaction (Calvin Cycle) needs ATP, CO2 and
  H2O produces C6H12O6 and ADP
• Uses the products of the Light Reaction to
  produce sugars (stored chemical energy)

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Photosynthesis

• Chloroplasts
• Grana - stacks of folded thylakoid membrane
• Light Reaction
• Stroma - gel-like fluid
• Dark Reaction

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Cellular Respiration

• Turns chemical Energy (glucose) into usable
  Energy (ATP)
• Cells get Energy from breaking the bonds of
  glucose molecules
• Occurs in the mitochondria of ALL organisms
  (except Monera)

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Cellular Respiration

• Animals get glucose molecules from eating
• Plants and some protists and bacteria get glucose
  from photosynthesis
• Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 O2 ? CO2 H2O ATP
• (opposite of photosynthesis)

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A Road Map for Cellular Respiration
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
High-energy electrons carried mainly by NADH
High-energy electrons carried by NADH
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
2 Pyruvic acid
Electron Transport
Glucose
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Cellular Respiration

• Cellular Respiration has 2 PARTS that NET 38 ATP
• 1. Glycolysis - glucose splitting
• makes 4 ATP total, but only NETS 2 ATP
• THIS IS ALWAYS THE FIRST STEP
• 2. Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
• OR
• 2. Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

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Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis
• 1. occurs in the cytoplasm
• 2. no O2 is needed for this part
• 3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to break 1
  glucose
• 4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate
  molecules are formed
• 5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed to
  start the process (therefore, there is a net gain
  of 2 ATP)

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Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
• 1. occurs with O2 in the mitochondria
• 2. aerobic respiration makes a total of 36 ATP
• 3. it occurs in 2 steps

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Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
• 1st Step Krebs Cycle or citric acid cycle
  (series of reactions) (MAKES 2 ATP)
• 1. 1 pyruvate from glycolysis goes from
  cytoplasm to mitochondria
• 2. 2 carbons leave in the form of 2 CO2
  molecules
• 3. 3 molecules of NAD are converted to NADH
  (NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
• 4. 1 molecule of FAD is converted to FADH2
• (FADH2 flavin adenine dinucleotide)
• 5. 1 molecule of GDP or GFP converted to GTP to
  make ATP
• 6. for each glucose there are 2 turns through
  the Krebs Cycle

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Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
• 2nd Step - Electron transport chain (MAKES up to
  34 ATP)
• 1. high E e- from NADH and FADH2 are passed to
  series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane
• 2. _at_ the end of the chain, an enzyme combines
  electrons from the chain
• 3. with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to
  form H2O.
• 4. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore
  O2 is necessary for obtaining E from NADH and
  FADH2

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Adding up the ATP from Cellular Respiration
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
2 Acetyl- CoA
Krebs Cycle
2 Pyruvic acid
Electron Transport
Glucose
Maximum per glucose
by ATP synthase
by direct synthesis
by direct synthesis
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Cellular Respiration

• Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation
• occurs right after glycolysis only if there is NO
  OXYGEN available
• alcoholic fermentation - used to make wine, beer,
  breads
• lactic acid fermentation - occurs in muscles when
  lactic acid builds up muscles don't work well
  cramps last even after exercise stops because
  its made faster than its broken down

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Sunlight energy
Ecosystem
Photosynthesis (in chloroplasts)
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Oxygen
Water
Cellular respiration (in mitochondria)
for cellular work
Heat energy
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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ATP Summary
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Unit 6, Part 2 Notes

• Photosynthesis and Respiration