03CHART

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The Nautical Chart
Chapter 3
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The Nautical Chart

• What you will learn in this lesson
• Chart projections
• How to establish and measure position, direction,
  and distance on a nautical chart
• Chart scales and their significance
• Types of nautical charts
• How features are depicted
• Practical pointers

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CALL THIS A CHART
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Mercator Projection
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Mercator Conformal
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LINES OF LONGITUDE ARE PROJECTED PARALLEL
A
THE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE EQUATOR THE MORE
THE DISTORTION
SPHERICAL SURFACE PROJECTED ON A CYLINDER
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Polyconic
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A
DISTORTION IS MINIMIZED
LINES OF LONGITUDE ARE NOT PARALLEL, BUT CLOSE
TO BEING PARALLEL
SPHERICAL SURFACE PROJECTED ON A SERIES OF
TANGENTIAL CONES
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• USED ON INLAND LAKES, ESPECIALLY ON THE
  GREAT LAKES
• LONGITUDINAL MERIDIANS APPEAR AS CURVED LINES
  CONVERGING
• TOWARD THE APEX OF THE CONES
• PARALLELS APPEAR AS CONCENTRIC CIRCLES,
  DIVERGING AT THE SIDES
• OF THE CHART (NEARLY CONCENTRIC)

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POLYCONIC PROJECTION

• GREAT CIRCLES APPEAR AS STRAIGHT LINES
• CHART APPEARS CONFORMAL ONLY IN A LARGE SCALE
  WITH MINIMUM DISTORTION
• DISTANCES ARE IN STATUTE MILES, USE CHART
  SCALE

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MERCATOR PROJECTION
POLYCONIC PROJECTION
THE REAL WORLD
LINES OF LONGITUDE ARE PROJECTED PARALLEL
A
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DISTORTION IS MINIMIZED
THE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE EQUATOR THE MORE
THE DISTORTION
LINES OF LONGITUDE ARE NOT PARALLEL, BUT CLOSE
TO BEING PARALLEL
SPHERICAL SURFACE PROJECTED ON A CYLINDER
SPHERICAL SURFACE PROJECTED ON A SERIES OF
TANGENTIAL CONES
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CHART USAGE
MERCATOR PROJECTION COASTAL WATERS
POLYCONIC PROJECTION GREAT LAKES WATERS
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Latitude
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Longitude
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COMPASS ROSE
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Measuring Direction
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Measuring Distance
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One Minute of Latitude equals One Nautical Mile
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Great Circle Route
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On a Mercator chart, a Great-Circle course plots
as a curve with its vertex on the side of the
equivalent Rhumb Line away from the equator.
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SMALL SCALE CHART
EVERYTHING APPEARS SMALL
1100000
MEANS 1 INCH (OR ANY UNIT) ON CHART IS 100000
INCHES OR UNITS IN THE REAL WORLD
LARGE SCALE CHART
EVERYTHING APPEARS LARGE
11000
MEANS 1 INCH (OR ANY UNIT) ON CHART IS 1000
INCHES OR UNITS IN THE REAL WORLD
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Large Scale Small Area
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Large Scale Large Detail 16,000 112,000 124,000
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At a scale 0f 112,000 1 inch on
chart equals 12,000 inches on the earth
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San Diego Approach Small Scale 1100,000
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180,000
125,000
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At a scale 0f 1100,000 1 inch on
chart equals 100,000 inches on the earth
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Types of Charts
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Harbor 12,000 140,000 Coast
140,000 1150,000 General 1150,000
1600,000 Sailing
1600,000 114,000,000
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Harbor HARBORS, ANCHORAGE AREAS, SMALL
WATERWAYS Coast USED FOR INSHORE NAVIGATION,
BAYS, HARBORS, LARGE INLAND WATERWAYS General
USED OFFSHORE WITHIN COASTAL ZONES OF NAVIGATION,
OUTSIDE SHOALS AND REEFS Sailing OFFSHORE
NAVIGATION TO DISTANT PORTS
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NAUTICAL CHART
COASTAL CHARTS ARE MERCATOR PROJECTIONS
LONGITUDE
LATITUDE
LATITUDE
COMPASS ROSE
LONGITUDE
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Coastal Chart 140,000
1150,000
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Coastal Chart 140,000
1150,000
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Harbor Chart 12,000 140,000
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Small Craft Charts
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Chart Reproductions
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Pilot charts
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Here's some of what you'll find on every pilot
chart Prevailing winds
calms Average wave heights
Typical barometric pressure
Percentage of gales
Average currents Tracks of
cyclones Air water
temperatures Recommended routes
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Chart Features
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General Information Block
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Chart Revision Date
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Dates of Latest Editions
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Local Notice to Mariners
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COMPASS ROSE
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Tidal Datum
Mean Lower Low Water MLLW
Mean Higher High Water MHHW
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Bottom Characteristics

• Numbers
• Contour Lines
• Color Codes
• Symbols Abbreviations

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DREDGED CHANNELS TWO DASHED LINES, DETERMINE
DREDGED HORIZONTAL LIMITS DEPTH AND DATE OF
MEASUREMENT
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Scale 112,000
Colregs Demarcation Line
Lighthouse
353o True
30 foot line
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red right returning
Main Dredged Channel
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Portland Head
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Brenton Reef
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AIDS TO NAVIGATION THE ROAD SIGNS ON THE WATERS
BUOYS PORT STARBOARD MIDCHANNEL LIGHTS INTRA
COASTAL WATERWAY
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LIGHT RHYTHMS
STAYS ON ALL THE TIME
FIXED LIGHT
LESS THAN 50 FLASHES / MINUTE
FLASHING
QUICK FLASHING
GREATER THAN 50 LESS THAN 80 FLASHES / MINUTE
STAYS ON LONGER THAN OFF
OCCULTING
STAYS ON AS LONG AS IT IS OFF
ISO
GROUP FLASHING (2)
GROUP FLASHING (3)
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AIDS TO NAVIGATION
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LIGHT RHYTHMS
PREERRED CHANNEL LIGHTED AIDS
COMPOSITE GROUP FLASHING
FL(21) G 6S
WILL FOLLOW TOP MOST COLOR
6 SECONDS
FL(31) R 8S
WILL FOLLOW TOP MOST COLOR
8 SECONDS
MID CHANNEL
MORSE A
WILL BE WHITE
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INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ICW
ICW MARKS HAVE YELLOW BAND BUOYS CANS,
NUNS DAYMARKS LIGHTED UNLIGHTED
FOLLOW THE YELLOW BRICK ROAD ON THE ICW
ON THE WAY TO FLORIDA
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W A T E R W A Y
INTERSECTION OF
WHEN ICW INTERSECTS WATERWAY YELLOW DAYMARKS
APPEAR ON CANS, NUNS, MARKS WHICH ARE PART OF
THE OTHER WATERWAY
INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY ICW
FOLLOW THE YELLOW MARKS KEEP TRIANGLES TO
RIGHT AND SQUARES TO LEFT WHEN PROCEEDING DOWN
THE COAST
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Intracoastal Markings
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PREFERRED CHANNEL ICW ROUTE SECONDARY ROUTE
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Range
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Natural Range
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Shelter Island Range, San Diego
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Shelter Island Range, San Diego
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Traffic Separation Scheme
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