Satellite Navigation as seen by NATO

1

• Satellite Navigation as seen by NATO
• CGSIC, 5 Dec. 2002, EUROCONTROL, Brussels

Prepared by Jean-Philippe SAULAY NATO Head
Quarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S) Navigation and
Identification Section (Ext 4309) nav.ident_at_hq.nat
o.int
2
OUTLINE

• Introduction / Outline
• NATO Structure/Missions
• Navigation in NATO
• Navigation Evolution
• Current Issues
• GPS
• PALS
• WRC 2003
• NAVWAR
• GALILEO
• Conclusion

3
NATO Navigation Structure
NAC
NON NATO
NATO
MC
CNAD
NC3B
NATMC
NAVSC
NAFAG
JRCSC
CNS
WEAG (WEU)
AVS WG
Navwar
AG 5
ASCC (AU,CA,NZ,UK,US)
Air WG
NETMA
ALS JWG
4
NATO Main Mission

• Alliance fundamental tasks
• Security, Peace Preservation and Euro-Atlantic
  Security Reinforcement
• 3 main Military Missions
• Article 5 collective defense
• Non-article 5 crisis response
• Consultation and co-operation

5
Navigation Activities

• Support to NAC and Senior Committees (NC3B,
  CNAD) for Navigation, Approach and Landing
  Systems, Time and Frequency standards
• Support to MC and Military Structure
• Missions
• Information exchange (equipment, development,
  RD, testing, new technologies)
• Plans and policies (transition/implementation
  plans)
• Standardisation (STANAGs development,
  maintenance, )
• Collaborative efforts (international co-operation
  development and promotion, international test
  campaigns,)

6
Information Exchange

• Nations exchange information through
  Sub-Committees/Groups
• on existing systems
• technical information
• phase in/phase out data
• capabilities of systems and platforms
• on new developments
• research
• testing
• development and production programs

• Cooperation efforts
• Four nation programme (CA, NL, SP, UK) for the
  development and production of Low Cost Inertial
  Navigation System for Ships (SINS)
• Jointly funded studies on NAVSTAR GPS and its
  adequacy to NATO requirements
• Multinational testing of new GPS equipment
  (PLGR, DAGR,)
• Standardization Integrity, GPS/INS testing,
  NAVWAR,Differential GPS...
• NIAG Studies (emerging technologies,)

7
Standardization

• ANP-1 Master Navigation Document (STANAG 4373)
• ANP-2 Introduction to NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment
• 4184 Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)
• 4278 Method of Expressing Navigation Accuracy
• 4294 Part I NAVSTAR GPS System Characteristics
• 4294 Part II NAVSTAR GPS Summary of Performance
  Requirements
• 4392 A Data Interchange Format for NAVSTAR GPS
• 4550 Differential GPS
• 4430 Precise Time and Frequency Interface and
  its Management for Military Electronic Systems
• 4564 Standard for WECDIS
• 4565 Standard on Multimode Receiver
• 4572 Open System Architecture Interface to
  Enable Simulator Laboratory Testing of Integrated
  GPS/INS Navigation Equipment
• 4580 Method of Expressing Navigation Integrity
• 4621 Navigation Warfare Definition

8
Navigation systems

• - Doppler Navigator
• - GPS/NAVSTAR
• - Differential GPS
• - Inertial Navigation Systems
• - Loran-C ( including Eurofix)
• - MLS (including DME-P)
• - PAR
• - ILS

- MIDS/JTIDS - Non Directional Beacons - Position
Location Reporting Systems (PLRS) - SYLEDIS -
TACAN - Terrain Reference Navigation - VOR/DME -
Celestial Navigation
NAVIGATION Positioning Navigation Timing
Approach and Landing Systems
9
Navigation Policy

• NATO navigation policy, strategy and
  requirements
• ANP-1 NATO Master Navigation Document
• NATO Strategic Plan for Air Navigation and
  Landing Systems
• National PALS Implementation Strategies (NPIS)
• Policy on Navigation Services for NATO Military
  Operations
• Common Fitting Standards for Air Communication,
  Navigation, Identification and Landing Systems
  for Joint NATO/PfP Operations
• ALS NATO Staff Target
• NATO Staff Requirements and Military Operational
  Requirements
• Under development/approval
• NATO Strategic Plan for Joint Navigation and
  Landing Systems
• Generic Operational Characteristics of Satellite
  Positioning, Navigation, Timing Services for NATO
  Military Operations
• Precision Approach and Landing System Transition
  Strategy

10
Navigation Systems Evolution

• Emergence of satellite technology
• Evolution of of the global navigation environment
• Emergence of Satellite Navigation (GNSS, RNSS)
• Traditional ground-based systems/back-up systems
• 3 Existing or underdevelopment Systems
• GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO
• NATO uses US GPS System
• Only Available System Meeting NATO Military
  Requirements
• NAVSTAR GPS MOU IV and Addendum
• STANAGs
• Permanent exchange of information among NATO
  Nations

11
Navigation Systems Evolution

• WHY Satellite Navigation or GPS use
• NATO depends on smaller, more maneuverable forces
• (now and for the future)
• GPS on all platforms (Soldiers to AWACS through
  UAVs or PGMs)
• Total Battlespace Awareness
• Huge Capability Multiplier
• Interoperability
• DGPS, SRDGPS, Tactical Landing
• NAVWAR implementation

12
Current Issues

• GPS
• GPS Modernization program
• GPS implementation, management and improvement
  (GPS evolutions)
• SAASM, Jamming/Anti-jamming activities
• PPS Certification
• Precision Approach and Landing System Transition
  Strategy
• WRC-2003/Spectrum Management
• Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR)
• GALILEO

13
GPS Modernization

• System Level
• Cryptography
• Electronic Keys
• Tactical Prevention
• Policy/Plans
• Strategies
• GPS III

• Space Segment
• Block II-M
• Block IIF
• Future Satellites

More Power More Signals More Flexibility

• Signal-in-Space
• BOC(10,5)
• Ranging Code
• Acquisition Codes
• Data Modulation

• User Segment
• Anti-Tamper
• A-J Technology
• SAASM
• INS Coupling
• Secure Acquisition
• Integrity Monitoring
• Digital Signal Processing

• Control Segment
• Open Architecture
• Tactical Management
• Back-Up Alternate Facilities

14
GPS Modernization

• M-code Technical Characteristics
• Spectrally separates civil signals from
  military signals.
• Critical capability to allow Navwar prevention
  operations (security management, jamming)

15
PALS Transition Strategy
New PALS MLS or D-GNSS

• GPS Based Approach and Landing Activities
• STANAGs 4392 and 4550 upgrades
• Standardization Activity on SRGPS (Shipboard
  Relative GPS)
• Standardization Activity on Tactical Landing
• Anti-jamming Requirements

16
WRC-2003/Spectrum Management

• - Development of a NATO Military Position for
  WRC-03 to be
• approved by the NAC in March 2003
• - Co-operation with the European Conference
  Preparatory Group (CEPG) and the Inter-American
  Telecommunication
• Commission (CITEL)
• - WRC 2003 Navigation Issues are mainly in 4
  Agenda Items
• item 1.4 5091-5150 MHz Band, use of the band by
  fixed-satellite service, impact on MLS
• item 1.15 960-1215 MHz, 1260-1300 MHz and
  5010-5030 MHz Bands, Resolutions 604, 605 and 606
  (MLS, PfD limits)
• item 1.17 2900-3400 MHz Band, Radiolocation
  allocation upgrade (impact on Radars)
• item 1.28 108-117.975 MHz Band (DGPS
  corrections)

17
NAVWAR (1)

• NATO NAVWAR definition
• NAVWAR is defined as preventing the hostile use
  of Positioning, Navigation and Timing information
  while protecting the unimpeded use of the
  information by NATO forces and preserving
  peaceful use of this information outside the area
  of operations
• NAVWAR AHWG
• NATO must develop and implement a NAVWAR
  strategy that ensures availability of this
  information (PNT) to friendly forces and denies
  access to potential adversaries.
• NAVWAR ANP
• Provide an overall NAVWAR framework and concepts
  in support of NATO military operations

18
NAVWAR (2)

• Preventing Hostile use of PNT in an area of
  operations
• Supports critical and time sensitive military
  operations
• Denial of PNT services through security
  management (encryption, user equipment
  proliferation awareness and control)
• Denial of PNT services through selectable
  spectrum/modulation techniques
• In the case of GPS
• Achieving spectrally separation of military
  services from civil services is a fundamental
  part of GPS Modernization and facilitates denial
  of non-military PNT at the scale of the local
  area of operations.

19
NAVWAR (3)
Spectral separation of civil signals from
military signals to allow the jamming of these
civil signals while protecting the military
signals New military signal M-Code with
capability to deny the hostile use of civil
signals
By jamming the new civil L2C signal
By jamming the civil L1 C/A signal
C/A
L2C
M-code
M-code
P(Y)
P(Y)
L1 1575.42MHz
L2 1227.6MHz
while using military M-code signal on either side
of each frequency
20
GALILEO (1)

• European satellite Navigation System (GNSS)
• Must be an open, global system fully compatible
  with GPS
• 4 1 services
• Open Service
• Commercial Service
• Safety of Life Service
• SAR Service
• Public Regulated Service
• robust (interference)
• encrypted
• resistant to jamming
• limited and well-defined number of
  government-authorized users

Civil/ military ?
21
GALILEO (2)

• GPS/GALILEO Interrelation-ship
• interoperability
• compatibility
• GALILEO Users
• GALILEO services/signals definition and security
  management
• frequency allocation in respect with the
  Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR) concept
• GPS M-Code Overlay
• GALILEO Flexible BOC modulation

22
M-code/PRS overlay
M-code BOC(10,5) modulation on L1 L2 PRS
BOC(n,m) on L1 E6 partial/full overlay
23
GALILEO (3)

• NATO is not a first line player on GPS/GALILEO
• no NATO position on GALILEO
• GPS is US controlled/managed
• GALILEO is EU controlled/managed
• BUT
• - GPS is a crucial capability for NATO
• - NATO needs to protect its Military
  Capabilities
• - NATO needs to protect its Forces
• - GALILEO impacts NATO

24
SUMMARY

• Navigation Information (or PNT) Dominance crucial
  for Military Operations
• Satellite Navigation importance/predominance
• Navigation Warfare to maintain military advantage
  during operations
• GALILEO impacts
• can be negative
• can be positive
• highly dependent on US/EU cooperation and EU
  technical
• choices

25
More information ?

• On NATO
• http//www.nato.int
• On NAFAG and ALS systems
• http//www.nato.int/nafag
• On Navigation
• nav.ident_at_hq.nato.int