IP TCPIP ROUTER IPROUTER VOIP

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IPTCP/IPROUTERIP/ROUTERVOIP
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OUTLINE

• What is a IP?
• TCP/IP protocols
• What is Router?
• Host-Based vs. Dedicated Routers
• What is ip routing and how is it done?
• Link State Routing Protocols
• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
• - OSPF areas
• - An Example OSPF Graph
• IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
  System)
• Distance-vector routing protocols
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
• - RIP Packet Format
• IGRP/EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
  Protocol)
• Routing Table

• Dynamic and Static Routing
• Static Routing In Hosts and a Default Route
• - Advantages and Disadvantages Static Routing
• Dynamic Routing and Routers
• - Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic
  Routing
• What is VOIP-Voice Over IP?
• The Motivation and challenge of IP Technology
• A Basic IP Telephone System
• VOIP is advantages and disadvantages
• What is PSTN?
• PSTN is advantages and disadvantages
• What is VoIP security?

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What is IP?

• Is a data oriented protocol
• Is a network layer protocol in the internet
  protocol suite
• IP address Is unique address that certain
  electronic devices use in order to identify
• Ip address street
  address or phone number
• thought

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Structure of IP Address and Subnet

• IP -gt a.b.c.d 0lt a,b,c,d lt 255
• IP Address exist 0-255. (4 octet)
• A system or network card has a
• one more IP Address
• The number of last group has a 0
• this is Network Address or this
• number is 255. It is called
• Broadcast Address.

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Structure of Domain and IP Address

• Structure of IP Address is private because of
  remembering for easily.
• www.itu.edu.tr -gt 160.75.2.20
• www.google.com -gt 66.249.65.52

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Groups of IP Addresses

• lt7 bitgtlt 24 bit gt
• Class A 1-126 A 0xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
  xxxxxxxx
• lt 14 bit gt lt 16 bit gt
• Class B 128-191 B 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
  xxxxxxxx
• lt 21 bit gtlt8 bitgt
• Class C 192-223 C 110xxxxxx xxxxxxxx
  xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
• lt 28 bit many bits gt
• Class D 224-239 D 1110xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
  xxxxxxxx
• 0.0.0.0 default routing
• 127.x.x.x loopback IP Address
• Class E include first 4 bits begin 1111
• Class D is a Multicast IP Address

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Subnet and Subnet Mask

• Subnet Masks Masks of Bits
• Class A 255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000
  00000000
• Class B 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111
  00000000 00000000
• Class C 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111
  11111111 00000000

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Ports

• FTP HTTP DNS ....
• Port Port Port
  Port

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TCP/IP

• It is the basic communication language or
  protocol of the Internet
• TCP/IP is a two-layer program.
• The higher layer,
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• The lower layer,
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point
• Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User
  Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• movie TCP

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TCP/IP
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What is a Router?

• A computer networking device that buffers and
  forwards data packets
• Routing occurs at layer 3 (the Network layer) of
  the OSI seven-layer protocol stack.
• Routing is most commonly associated with the
  Internet Protocol
• Router means Connection between different
  networks... sample example 192.168.0.1 to
  10.0.0.1.

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Host-Based vs. Dedicated Routers

• Zebra vs. Cisco
• In the past vs. now
• Cheap vs. expensive
• Is no highly optimize switching IP packets vs.
  highly switching IP packets
• Is not high performance vs. high performance
• Inflexibility vs. flexibility

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What is ip routing and how is it done?

• It is an umbrella term for the set of protocols
• Refers to selecting paths in a computer network
  along which to send data.
• Routing differs from bridging
• The Internet, for the purpose of routing, is
  divided into Autonomous Systems (ASs).

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• Device C is acting as a router between these two
  networks
• If A wants to send a packet to E, it must first
  send it to C who can then forward the packet to E.

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• The IP Routing protocols enable routers to build
  up a forwarding table that
• correlates final destinations with next hop
  addresses.
• These protocols include
• IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
• IS-IS(Intermediate System - Intermediate System)
• OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)
• RIP(Routing Information Protocol)

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Link State Routing Protocols

• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
• It uses path cost as its routing metric
• is perhaps the most widely-used IGP in large
  networks.

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Link State Routing Protocols

• IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
  System)
• It is a protocol used by network devices
  (routers) to determine the best way to forward
  datagrams or packets
• It is intended for use within an administrative
  domain or network
• IS-IS uses Dijkstra's algorithm for identifying
  the best path through the network
• Did not prefer

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Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
• Routing Information Protocol
• Helps routers dynamically adapt to changes of
  network connections
• The routers exchange network reachability
  information with their nearest neighbors.
• Has number of hop counts 15.
• Autonomous system (A.S)
• Do not send the subnet mask address

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Distance-Vector Routing Protocols

• IGRP/EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
  Protocol)
• Is a kind of IGP
• Number of hop counts 16
• Used with large networks
• Classful routing protocol
• Maximum number of hop counters 255
• Autonomuos System (A.S)
• All routers have the same A.S numbers in the same
  A.S
• Send the subnet mask address movie AS

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What is Routing Table?

• Referring to a database on a router.
• Store that routers' information in the database.
• Direct forwarding by matching destination
  addresses to the network paths used to reach
  them.
• Contents of an IP Routing Table
• Network Destination
• NetMask
• Gateway
• Interface
• Metric

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IP Routing Table
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Routing Types

• IGP(Interior Gateway Protocol)
• Uses a routing metric to choose an optimal path
  to each destination.
• Autonomous system(A.S) is free to choose its own
  IGP
• Provide to change information between different
  system
• Easy to install and operate
• Comlex and more traffic

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Example of IGP Protocol
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Routing Types

• EGP(Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol)
• Finds a path to each destination, but cannot find
  an optimal path because it cannot compare routing
  metrics from multiple A.S
• Exchange routing informaiton with a router
  autonomous system (A.S)
• Complex to install and operate
• More flexibility and less traffic

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Example of EGP protocols
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Dynamic and Static Routing

• Static Routing In Hosts and a Default Route
• Inflexible
• Does not require extra routing software
• Mosts host use static routing
• Hosts routing table contains two entires
• one for the network to which the host
  attaches a default entry that directs all
  other traffic to a specific router.

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Advantages and Disadvantages StaticRouting?

• Advantages of the Static Routing
• Simple to configure
• Easy to predict small networks
• Disadvantages of the Static Routing
• Does not scale well in large networks
• Changes require manual reconfiguration
• Cannot be automatically routed around

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Dynamic and Static Routing

• Dynamic Routing
• It performs the same function as static routing
  except it is more robust.
• Dynamic routing allows routing tables in routers
  to change as the possible routes change.
• There are several protocols used to support
  dynamic routing including RIP and OSPF.

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Dynamic Routing
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Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic Routing?

• Advantages of the Dynamic Routing
• -scalability and adaptability
• -can grow more quickly and larger
• -adapt to changes in the network topology
• Disadvantages of the Dynamic Routing
• -complex structure

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What is VOIP-Voice Over IP?

• VoIP, Voice Over Internet Protokol
• Use circuit-switched telephone networks in the
  VOIP system.
• Is the routing of voice conversations over the
  Internet or through any other IP-based network.
• Have some protocols such as VOIP
  protocols.(Network Voice Protocol)
• Is economic
• Essipacially prefered by the companies
• Protocols carry voice and data
• Use some devices such as Gateway, IP router
• ADC(analog to digital converter)
• DAC (digital to anlaog converter)
• Uses digital place but telephone uses anlaog
  place.
• Less traffic (bandwidth is not busy)

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VOIP Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
• transmission of data, voice video possible
• scalability
• cheap
• less traffic (bandwith)
• Disadvantages
• The quality of sound at times become
  unpredictable
• Echo
• movie VOIP

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What is PSTN?

• PSTN (public switched telephone network)
• Is a circuit-switched telephone networks
• Gateway provide to change ADC or DAC using PSTN.
• More traffic (bandwidth is busy)

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PSTN Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
• Well established technologyEasy
  maintenanceHassle free set-up processSimplicity
  in usage procedures
• Disadvantages
• Dedicated line required to complete a
  callLimited scalabilityOptimum usage of
  bandwidth not possibleMonthly fees applicable
  for maintenanceHigher call charges

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What is VoIP security?

• Businesses of all sizes adopting IP telephony
  need to seriously consider its security
  implications.
• Three stand out as the most dangerous,
  particularly to smaller organisations
• denial of service,
• spit
• fraud
• The majority of consumer VoIP solutions do not
  support encryption yet.

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Sources

• INTERNET ADRESLERI
• http//www.cisco.com/public/technotes/tech_protoco
  l.shtml
• http//www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/i
  to_doc/routing.htm
• http//www.princeton.edu/wolf/modern-vlsi/Overhea
  ds/CHAP7-1/sld005.htm
• http//searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition
  /0,,sid7_gci214031,00.html(???)
• http//compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipad
  dresses/f/getrouteripaddr.htm(???)
• http//www.olympos.org/article/articleview/1942/1/
  10/cisco_aglarda_yonlendirme
• http//ekinoks.cu.edu.tr/internet/konu_8.htm
• www.bilgisayarogren.com/network9.doc
• http//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4B0nternet_iletiC
  59Fim_kurallarC4B1_dizisi
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routed_protocol
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN
• http//www.ysn.ru/docs/zebra/www.zebra.org/zebra/S
  tatic-Route-Commands.html
• http//www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/ip/ro
  uting/dyamic_vs_static.shtml
• http//www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1767
• http//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voip
• KITAPLAR
• Internet - Kürsat Çagiltay

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