Chapter Five

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Chapter Five Individual Differences (Perception,
Attitudes Personality )
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Study of Individual differences--also sometimes
called Differential Psychology because
researchers in this area study the ways in which
individual people differ in their behavior.

• Perception
• Self-Efficacy
• Locus of Control
• Mental Ability

• Personality
• Emotions
• Moods
• Attitudes

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Perception

• What one perceives is a result of interplays
  between past experiences, including ones
  culture, and the interpretation of the perceived.
  If the percept does not have support in any of
  these perceptual bases it is unlikely to rise
  above perceptual threshold

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Perception

• Seeing is believing.
• I wouldnt have seen it if I hadnt believed it.

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Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy A persons belief about his or
her chances of successfully accomplishing a
specific task.

• Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
• - Prior experience
• - Behavior models
• - Persuasion from others
• - Assessment of physical/emotional state

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Locus of Control

• Internal locus of control belief that one
  controls key events and consequences in ones
  life.

• External locus of control Ones life outcomes
  attributed to environmental factors such as luck
  or fate.

• For class discussion What sort of locus of
  control balance do todays managers need to
  seek to be successful without experiencing
  excessive stress?

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Seven Major Mental Abilities

• Verbal comprehension Meaning of words and
  reading comprehension
• Word fluency Ability to produce isolated words
  to meet specific requirements
• Numerical Arithmetic computation
• Spatial Perceive spatial patterns and visualize
  geometric shapes
• Memory Good rote memory of words, symbols, and
  lists
• Perceptual speed Perception of similarities and
  differences in figures
• Inductive reasoning Reasoning from specifics to
  general conclusion

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What Is Personality?
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Type of Social Interaction
Extrovert (E)
Introvert (I)
Sensing (S)
Preference for Gathering Data
Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Preference for Decision Making
Thinking (T)
Perceptive (P)
Style of Decision Making
Judgmental (J)
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The Big Five Personality Dimensions

• Extraversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable,
  assertive
• Agreeableness Trusting, good natured,
  cooperative, soft hearted
• Conscientiousness Dependable, responsible,
  achievement oriented, persistent
• Emotional stability Relaxed, secure, unworried
• Openness to experience Intellectual,
  imaginative, curious, broad minded
• Research finding Conscientiousness is the best
  (but not a strong) predictor of job performance

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What Are Emotions?
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Six Universal Emotions
Happiness
Fear
Anger
Sadness
Disgust
Surprise
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Emotions
Emotions Complex, patterned, organismic
reactions to how we think we are doing in our
lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to
achieve what we wish for ourselves.

• Positive and Negative Emotions

• Negative emotions (Goal incongruent)- Anger -
  Fright/anxiety- Guilt/shame - Sadness-
  Envy/jealousy - Disgust

• Positive emotions (Goal congruent)-
  Happiness/joy - Pride- Love/affection - Relief

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Emotions and OB Applications
Ability and Selection
Leadership
Deviant Behavior
Decision Making
Motivation
Interpersonal Conflict
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What Are Attitudes?

• Cognitive component
• Affective component
• Behavioral component

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Types of Attitudes

• Job satisfaction
• Job involvement
• Organizational commitment

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Importance of the Elements
Cognitive Dissonance
Degree of Personal Influence
Rewards Involved
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Attitude-Behavior Relationship
Moderating Variables
Behavioral Influence

• Importance
• Specificity
• Accessibility
• Social pressures
• Direct experience

High
Low
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Measuring JobSatisfaction
Single Global Rating
Summing up Job Facets
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Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance
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Responses to Job Dissatisfaction
Active
Exit
Voice
Destructive
Constructive
Neglect
Loyalty
Passive
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Chapter 13Communication
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Functions of Communication
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The Communication Process
Encoding
Decoding
Channel
Message
Message
Source
Receiver
Feedback
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CommunicationNetworks
Formal
Informal

• Multidirectional
• Skips authority
• Social-related

• Vertical
• Follows authority
• Task-related

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The Grapevine
Control
Reliability
Self- Interests
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Nonverbal Communication
Body Motions
Body Language
Facial Expressions
Tone of Voice
Paralinguistics
Pacing and Pitch
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Choice of Communication Channel
Channel Richness
Type of Message
Information Medium
Richest
Ambiguous

• Face-to-face talk
• Telephone
• Electronic mail
• Memos, letters
• Flyers, bulletins, reports

Leanest
Routine
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ContemporaryCommunication Issues
Communication Barriers of Men and Women
Politically Correct Communication
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Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication
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High-Context and Low-Context Cultures

• Chinese
• Korean
• Japanese
• Vietnamese
• Arab
• Greek
• Spanish
• Italian
• English
• North American
• Scandinavian
• Swiss
• German

High Context
Low Context
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Electronic Communications

• Work space
• Work life and personal life
• Organizational boundaries
• Time constraints
• Geographical constraints
• Interpersonal contact

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