The Geography of LIHTC Developments in North Carolina

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The Geography of LIHTC Developments in North
Carolina
Civil Rights Mandates in the Low Income Housing
Tax Credit Program A Strategic Planning
Session July 18th 2005
Jason Reece, AICP Senior GIS/Demographic
Specialist Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race
Ethnicity The Ohio State University
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The Geography of LIHTC

• Key Research Questions
• Where are Family LIHTC Projects Located?
• Are LIHTC Projects Located in High Poverty
  Communities?
• Are LIHTC Projects Located in Racially
  Concentrated Communities?
• Are the Results Different In Metro vs. Non Metro
  Areas?

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LIHTC in NC and Poverty

• Nearly 2/3s of projects were in neighborhoods
  with poverty rates greater than the state average
  in 2000
• Almost 40 were located in high poverty
  neighborhoods with poverty greater than 20
• In comparison, only 19 of the States census
  tracts had poverty rates higher than 20 in 2000
• State wide results were consistent with national
  and regional (the South) averages for poverty in
  LIHTC neighborhoods

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Family LIHTC and Poverty in NC
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LIHTC in NC and Race

• The States family LIHTC projects are also more
  likely to be found in neighborhoods with high
  African American populations
• ¾s of projects are located in neighborhoods with
  African American population representation higher
  than the state average
• More than ½ of LIHTC projects are in
  neighborhoods that are more than 40 African
  American
• Projects appear more racially concentrated than
  national and regional averages for LIHTC
  neighborhoods

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LIHTC in NC and Race
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Variations in Metro vs. Non-Metro Areas

• The characteristics of LIHTC projects can vary
  significantly inside and outside of metropolitan
  areas
• Analysis of Metro and Non-Metro family projects
  in NC finds that both metro and non-metro
  projects are located in more racially and
  economically concentrated areas
• Metro LIHTC Projects (Neighborhood Avg.)
• LIHTC Neighborhoods 17 Poverty Rate, 47
  African American
• Metro Average for Poverty (10.9) and African
  American (21.8)
• Non-Metro LIHTC Projects (Neighborhood Avg.)
• LIHTC Neighborhoods 20 Poverty Rate, 43
  African American
• Non Metro Average for Poverty (15.2) and
  African American (22.7)

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Poverty and LIHTC Metro vs. Non-Metro Areas
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African American Population and LIHTC Metro vs.
Non-Metro Areas
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Trends Within Metro Areas Poverty and
Race(Average, Minimum, Maximum, Std. Dev.)
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Analysis of the States Largest Regions

• Family projects are more likely to be found in
  racially and economically concentrated
  neighborhoods in the States three largest
  metropolitan areas
• Results vary by region, but generally are
  consistent with statewide findings

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Results for the Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill MSA
Average LIHTC Neighborhood Poverty Rate 16.3,
40.1 African American Metro Comparison Poverty
(9.3), (20.4) Af. Am.
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Zoom Image Of Poverty and Family LIHTC Projects
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Zoom Image Of African American Population and
Family LIHTC Projects
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Results for the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High
Point MSA
Average LIHTC Neighborhood Poverty Rate 21.4,
71.7 African American Metro Comparison Poverty
(10.4), (20.1) Af. Am.
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Zoom Image Of Poverty and Family LIHTC Projects
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Zoom Image Of African American Population and
Family LIHTC Projects
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Results for the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill MSA
Average LIHTC Neighborhood Poverty Rate 15.2,
41.3 African American Metro Comparison Poverty
(9.3), (20.4) Af. Am.
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LIHTC and Hispanic/Latino Neighborhoods

• The Hispanic/Latino population is one of the
  fastest growing racial populations in North
  Carolina
• Our analysis of the Hispanic/Latino population
  within LIHTC neighborhoods indicates that
  projects are generally not clustered in areas
  with large Latino populations
• But, when analyzing both African American and
  Latino populations, data suggests that racially
  concentrated African American LIHTC neighborhoods
  do contain a substantial Latino population

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LIHTC and Hispanic/Latino Neighborhoods

• The average LIHTC neighborhood contains a
  Hispanic/Latino population of 6.3
• (4.7 of NCs pop. Is Latino)
• The average combined Hispanic/Latino and African
  American population within LIHTC neighborhoods is
  52.8 (6.2 of this population appears to be
  Latino)

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Access to Suburban LIHTC Projects

• Measuring African American access to suburban
  LIHTC projects
• Preliminary analysis of projects found in blocks
  in suburban areas outside of Raleigh seem to
  indicate some African American access, but not
  extensive access
• More analysis with better data is needed to
  assess this phenomenon

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Zoom Image Of African American by Block
Population and Family LIHTC Projects
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Temporal Trends

• Has concentration by race and poverty increased
  or decreased from 1990 to 2004?
• Analyzed the average neighborhood poverty rate
  and percentage African American for projects
  based upon date
• Analysis three periods of data (5 year intervals)
• 1990 to 1994
• 1995 to 1999
• 2000 to 2004
• Note fewer projects for analysis during the 2000
  to 2004 cycle

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Temporal Trends

• Results
• More recent projects are located in neighborhoods
  with a smaller African American population
• Mixed results for poverty rates
• The average poverty rate for neighborhoods with
  projects awarded from 1995 to 1999 declined, but
  more recent projects were located in higher
  poverty neighborhoods
• This could be due to the smaller sample of recent
  projects available for analysis

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Temporal Trends
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Conclusions

• Family LIHTC projects are clustered in more
  racially concentrated higher poverty
  neighborhoods
• Both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas
  exhibit these trends
• Concentration in Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods
  appears to be less severe
• Temporal analysis indicates more recent projects
  are being built in less racially concentrated
  communities, but poverty results are mixed

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Notes on the Data and Methods 1

• Family LIHTC projects were defined by identifying
  projects that did not have an elderly target
  population (as defined by the State)
• This analysis covers projects from 1990 to 2004
  and utilized both the HUD LIHTC database and
  State LIHTC records
• Neighborhoods were defined by 2000 Census Tract
  boundaries

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Notes on the Data and Methods 2

• Due to missing geographic data in the HUD
  database and incomplete address data in the State
  database, some projects could not be mapped for
  the analysis
• Of the 986 LIHTC projects identified for this
  analysis, 152 were not analyzed due to missing
  geographic data

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Questions or Comments? For More Information
Visit Us On-Linewww.KirwanInstitute.org
E-Mail _at_ Reece.35_at_osu.edu