Networking I

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Title: Networking I

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Networking I

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This is a core TI.
Students should understand the units of bits and
bytes, the abbreviations, and the representation
of binary 1s and 0s in voltage terms. For optical
systems, bits can be signaled by light pulses,
bright/dim, or on/off. For wireless systems,
radio waves with changing amplitude, frequency,
or phase can signal bits. Most often it is the
phase that signals the bits. Have students do
some simple conversions. Start anticipating the
common misconceptions about bits, bytes, and bits
per second.
Practice problems
The Voyager spacecraft, launched in 1977, can
send data back at the rate of 44800 bits per
second and can store up to 500 million bits of
data on the on-board digital tape.
What is the actual number of bytes and kilobytes
the Voyager can send per second?
44800 bits 8 5600 bytes per second
44800 bits 1024 43.75 kilobytes per second
How many megabytes of data can be stored on the
digital tape?
500,000,000 bits 1,048,576 476.84 megabytes
Each Voyager spacecraft also contains six
processors, which can handle 540864 bits of data
capacity.
How many kilobytes of data can the Voyager
processors handle?
540864 bits 1024 528.1875 kilobytes (0.5
megabyte)
A school district network area storage system can
store 40 terabytes of student and teacher files.
How many bytes of data is the system capable of
storing?
40 x 1,099,511,627,778 43,980,465,111,120 bytes
(or 351,843,720,888,960 bits 40,960 gigabytes)

The total number of combinations of the eight
switches being turned on and off is 256. The
value range of a byte is from 0 to 255.

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BASE 10

Base 10 uses the ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9. These symbols, can be combined to
represent all possible numeric values.
The decimal number system is based on powers of
10. Each column position of a value, from right
to left, is multiplied by the base number 10
raised to a power, which is the exponent. The
power that 10 is raised to depends on its
position to the left of the decimal point. When a
decimal number is read from right to left, the
first or rightmost position represents 100, which
equals 1. The second position represents 101,
which equals 10. The third position represents
102, which equals 100. The seventh position to
the left represents 106, which equals 1,000,000.
This is true no matter how many columns the
number has.

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This page will discuss the number system that
computers use to recognize and process data,
which is binary, or Base 2.
The binary system uses only two symbols, which
are 0 and 1. The position of each digit from
right to left in a binary number represents the
base number 2 raised to a power or exponent.
These place values are, from right to left, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, or 1, 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, 64, and 128 respectively.
Here is an example
101102 (1 x 24 16) (0 x 23 0) (1 x 22
4) (1 x 21 2) (0 x 20 0) 22 (16 0 4
2 0)
This example shows that the binary number 10110
is equal to the decimal number 22.