Unit 3 Understanding Science

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Unit 3 Understanding Science

• Pre-reading task
• Stephen Hawking (1942- )
• What makes Hawkings achievement so remarkable?
• The contrast between his mind and the weakness of
  his body.

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Text A Public Attitudes toward Science

• - Expository Essay (???)
• Explaining something (making a statement and
  then supporting it with evidence).
• Structure of a paragraph
• The topic sentence is presented in the first or
  second sentences of every paragraph.
• - Glance the first and second sentences of Para 1
  to 4, and do Text Organization Exercise 1.

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• Part One Paras 1-3 To make informed
  decisions about change, the public needs
  a basic understanding of science.
• Part Two Paras 4-6 What can be done to
  educate the public about science.
• Part Three Paras 7 With an informed public,
  human civilization will survive.

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Language Study Part One

• Attitude manner or way one thinks about, behaves
  toward, or feels toward sb. Or sth. (usu.
  Followed by to / towards) ??,??
• Examples The boy has a bad attitude towards his
  schoolwork.
• His sons attitude to work made him angry.
• Likely 1) probably adj. ???
• It is likely that
• be likely to do sth.
• Examples It is likely that my roommate will win
  the first-class scholarship.
• An earthquake is likely to strike the area in a
  year or two.

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• 2) probably adv. ?? (is often preceded by most,
  more than or very, not used as an adv. on its
  own.)
• Examples It is reported that another sandstorm
  will very likely come in the next 24 hours.
• We will most likely stay home during the Spring
  Festival.
• Do without manage to survive, continue, or
  succeed although you do not have sth. You need,
  want, or usu. Have ?????????, ??
• Examples Youll have to do without your dinner
  if you dont get back in time.
• I cant afford a car, so Ill have to do
  without.

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• Highly 1) very ?,??
• Examples Mr. Smith was a highly successful
  salesman.
• It seems highly likely that she will take
  the job.
• 2) to a high level or standard ??
• Examples Most of the people present at the
  meeting are highly educated women.
• The chairman of the department was the most
  highly paid member of faculty.
• Anyway (used to change the subject of a
  conversation or to support an idea or argument)
  anyhow ?????
• Examples - Ive got a terrible cold.
• - Have you? Oh, dear. Anyway, so youre
  not going to go away this weekend?
• We ought to spend less on the defense missiles,
  which I think are pretty useless anyway.

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• Put / turn the clock back return to a situation
  that used to exist, usually because the present
  situation is unpleasant ??,???
• Example Forget all about it and look to the
  future you cant turn the clock back.
• Cut off stop providing (sth.) ??,??
• Examples Water and electricity supplies in the
  city have been cut off because of the American
  air attacks.
• Their phone has been cut off because they
  havent paid the bill.
• Bring about make (sth.) happen ??,??
• Examples Some educators are hoping to bring
  about major changes in the educational system.
• Jealousy in a relationship is often brought
  about by a lack of trust.

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• Moreover in addition to what has been said
  further besides ??,??
• Examples Local people would like a new road.
  Moreover, there are good economic reasons for
  building one.
• She saw that there was a man immediately behind
  her. Moreover he was observing her strangely.
• Inquire seek information by questioning ask
  (also spelled enquire sometimes followed by
  about or wh-clause) ??
• Examples I rang up to inquire about train times.
• He asked for his key and inquired
  whether there had been any messages for him.

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• and human initiative and inventiveness are such
  that even this wouldnt succeed.
• As human initiative and inventiveness do exist,
  even this way to suppress anything new worldwide
  would fail. ??????????????,?????????(?????)?
• suchthat (formal or literary) used to give a
  reason or explanation for sth.
• Examples The nature of the job was such that
  felt obliged to tell no one about it.
• His manner was such that he would offend
  everyone he met.

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• initiative the ability to make decisions and
  take action without waiting for sb. To tell you
  what to do ????,??(?),??
• Take the initiative
• Examples The workers are able to solve the
  problems on their own initiative.
• Why dont you take the initiative and arrange a
  meeting?
• Slow down become slower, or make sb. Or sth.
  Slow ??
• Examples It seems likely that the economy will
  slow down over the next twelve months.
• The driver slowed the bus down when he saw a boy
  standing in the road.

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• Rate 1) the speed at which sth. Happens over a
  period of time ??
• Examples The rate at which hair grows can be
  very slow.
• The worlds forests are disappearing at an even
  faster rate than experts had thought.
• 2) a certain amount of one thing considered in
  relation to a unit of another thing ??
• Examples Britain held the record of having the
  highest divorce rate in Europe.
• Ensure make sure (followed by a noun. Or
  that-clause) ??,??
• Examples This new treaty will ensure peace.
• Come early to ensure that you get a seat.

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• Informed having or showing knowledge
  ????,????????
• Examples Science is now enabling us to make more
  informed choices about how we use common drugs.
• According to informed sources, he has been
  enrolled by Harvard University.
• Inform ( formal) tell ??,?? inform sb. Of /
  about sth.
• inform sb. That-clause
• inform sb.
• Examples They informed us of their arrival at
  Pudong airport.
• Have you informed the police that theres been
  an accident?
• I just added a little soy sauce, he informed
  us.

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• At the moment, the public is in two minds about
  science. Now the public cant decide whether
  they need science or not.??????????????
• at the moment now, at the present moment ??,??
• Example Im rather busy at the moment could I
  call you back?
• in two minds (about sth.) unable to decide
  whether or not you want sth. Or want to do sth.
  ????,????
• Example I think shes in two minds about whether
  to accept the job or not.

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• Steady 1) constant ???
• Examples The governments policies have brought
  a period of steady economic growth with falling
  unemployment.
• There has been a steady improvement in her
  condition.
• 2) Firm ???
• Examples - That ladder doesnt look very
  safe.
• - Oh, well, it is steady as a rock.
• Keep the camera steady while you take a
  picture.
• It is also an important element behind support
  for the Green parties.
• The publics distrust of science is also an
  important factor leading to support for the
  political parties whose main concern is to
  protect the environment. ????????????????????????

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• Audience 1) group of people who watch and listen
  to sb. Speaking or performing in public ??,??
• Examples The audience began clapping and
  cheering as soon as the film star appeared on the
  stage.
• The singer called for a member of the audience
  to join him on stage.
• 2) The people who read a writers books ??
• Examples His second book will attract a narrower
  audience, mainly teachers and college students.
• His book reached an even wider audience when it
  was filmed for television.

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The difference between narration and exposition

• Text A Unit 2 Unit 3
• paragraph length
• shorter longer
• sentence length
• shorter longer
• simple or compound
• sentences
• simple compound
• any passive voice
• no yes
• any dialogue
• yes no
• any 3-rd person
• narrator
• no yes

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• What does Hawking mean by saying that the
  public is in two minds about science.
• The public is interested in the improvements of
  life brought by science, but it also fears that
  scientists may also cause it harm.
• What does this interest in line 33 refer to?
• the publics interest in science

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Language Studies Part Two

• Basis (pl. bases)
• 1) the facts or ideas from which sth. Can be
  developed foundation (usu. Used as a singular
  noun, followed by for or of) ??
• Examples The video will provide a basis for
  class discussion.
• The research will form the basis of a book.
• 2) The circumstance that provides a reason for
  some action or opinion (usu. Followed by of or
  that-clause)
• Examples You must stay at home, on the basis of
  the medical reports we have received.
• Students are able, on the basis of experience,
  to choose which subjects to specialize in.

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• 21. Lie in exist or be found in sth. ??
• Examples His skill lies in his ability to
  summarize quite complicated ideas.
• The plays interest lies in the questions it
  raises about marriage.
• But in schools science is often presented in a
  dry and uninteresting manner.
• But in schools science is often taught in a dull
  and uninteresting way. ????,???????????????
• In terms of as regards (sth.) expressed as
  (sth.) ???(???)????,??
• Examples In terms of salary, the job is
  terrible.
• The figures are expressed in terms of a
  percentage.

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• Brief 1) using few words concise ???
• Examples The teacher of English told the
  students to write a brief description of a
  typical problem they had recently met with.
• Patrick gave a brief summary of the last nights
  events.
• 2) lasting or taking a short time ???
• Examples This time their visit to Beijing is
  brief.
• My brother once made a brief appearance on
  television.
• Accurate exact ???,???
• Examples The program provided an accurate
  picture of the effect of AIDS.
• Your were pretty accurate in your calculations.

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• Maybe I would have sold twice as many copies
  without it.
• If my popular book had not included Einsteins
  equation, maybe I would have sold twice as many
  copies. ???????????????,????????????
• Tend be likely to happen or have a particular
  characteristic or effect ??,??
• Examples Some people tend to get up later at
  weekends.
• The old couple tend to buy cheap processed foods
  like canned chicken.
• In the form of 1) having the shape of ????
• Example The lane was in the form of a big S.
• 2) existing in a particular form ?..???
• Example They received a benefit in the form of a
  tax reduction.

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• Precise exact ???
• Examples We will never know the precise details
  of his death.
• The precise location of the air crash was
  established yesterday.
• Grasp understanding ??,?? noun. / verb.
• Examples Applied mathematics was beyond the
  grasp of most of the students.
• She has a good grasp of the English language.
• Sufficient as much as is needed, enough (often
  followed by for or to) ???,???
• Examples - Can you lend me some money for the
  journey?
• - Yes, will 100 be sufficient?
• There is sufficient food for everyone.
• His income is sufficient to keep him
  comfortable.

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• Convey make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to
  another ??,??
• Examples Their bright eyes and smiling faces
  conveyed the impression that they were very
  excited.
• Words cannot convey how delighted I am that
  youll come and spend the weekend with us.
• Put across cause to be understood ????,????
• Example The government needs to put across the
  message that the economy is starting to recover.
• Proportion 1) a part of a group or an amount ??
• Examples A large proportion of the citys
  population is aged over 50.
• A large proportion of the dolphins in that area
  will eventually die because of the water
  pollution.

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• 2) The relationship between the amounts, numbers,
  or sizes of different things that go together to
  form a whole ??
• Example The proportion of men to women in the
  country has changed in recent years.
• Only television can reach a truly mass audience.
  
• Unlike popular books and magazine articles,
  television science programs have a really large
  audience. ???????????????
• Fit into be part of a situation, system, or plan
  ??,??,??
• Examples The new college courses fit into a
  national education plan.
• College English videos are designed to fit into
  the syllabus.

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• 37. Educate teach or train ??
• Example The organization launched a campaign to
  educate teenagers about the dangers of smoking.
• Entertain 1) give pleasure to ????
• Examples Childrens television programs not only
  entertain but also teach.
• He entertained his friends with stories from his
  childhood.
• 2) have as a guest ??
• Examples According to the school regulations,
  women students are not allowed to entertain men
  in their rooms.
• My husband is in the kitchen we are
  entertaining the Smiths this evening.

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• P69 Text Organization Exercise 2
• 1) The importance of the teaching of science in
  schools
• 2) The role mass media can play, especially what
  television can do
• Part II is a mini-exposition
• Topic How to educate the public in science.
• Main idea What can be done to give the public
  the scientific background it needs to make
  informed decisions on science.
• Solutions - science education in schools
• - replacing equations with words and
  diagrams
• - making use of popular media such as
  newspaper, magazines and above all TV.

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• hence the sick joke that
• therefore the sick joke spreads that
• sick joke sick jokes deal with death and
  suffering in a cruel and unpleasant way
  ????/???????
• hence 1) as a result, therefore (formal) ??
• Examples Hes an extremely private person hence
  he is reluctant to give interviews.
• The trade imbalance is likely to rise again in
  this year. Hence a new set of policy actions will
  be required.
• 2) from this time ??
• Examples I dont know where I will be six months
  hence.
• The annual conference of APEC will be held in
  Shanghai seven months hence.
• (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ????????)

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• Contact get in touch with ???
• Examples Feel free to contact me if you need my
  help.
• I will contact the Tourist Information Bureau
  for further details.
• The world today is filled with dangers
• e.g. scientific development
• pollution, genetic engineering
• greenhouse effect, acid rain
• war (e.g. Iraq war) weapons

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Reading Course

• How to Be a Scientist
• 3)
• Context Clues
• Chances are it is likely that, it is probable
  that
• Think up invent or produce
• Most of biology almost all biology
• Course work the study or research done by a
  student for a course

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• 5) Deadlines the latest time by which something
  must be done or completed
• 6) shine stand out as a success
• 7) well to a great extent
• 8) Lay ahead was going to happen
• 9) Ended up came to be
• 10) Big science scientific research or projects
  requiring considerable funding and personnel
• 11) army a large group of people working
  together for a special purpose
• 12) Bring in to obtain some money either form
  government or private organizations
• 13) Are prepared are trained or educated
• 3. C D B C

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• 1)?????????????????????????
• 2)??,?????????,???????,???????????????????????
• 3)????,????????????????,??????
• 4)???????????????????????????????

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• Dozing at Your Desk?
• 2)
• 1) Teenagers prefer staying up late and sleeping
  in because of hormone-triggered changes they
  undergo.
• 2) With the rapid decline of the nighttime blood
  levels of melatonin at puberty, teenagers are the
  least likely to be morning people, but most high
  schools start early in the morning therefore,
  Dr. Carskadon suggests that high schools should
  adjust their schedules to meet the students
  physical needs.
• 3) A teenager should sleep for at least eight
  hours a day if he gets enough sleep, he will
  study better and be more productive.

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• Context Clues
• 1) first-period teacher the teacher who teaches
  the first class in the morning.
• 2) measureagainst compare (the survey
  findings) with (each students stage of physical
  development)
• 3) farther along more advanced
• 4) a long day a whole day of hard work
• 5) out cold to be unconscious or sleeping very
  heavily
• 6) bright and early (get up) early in the
  morning
• 7) secrete produce
• 8) first thing in the morning (the feeling of
  tiredness you may have) immediately after wake up
  in the morning
• 9) lifelong lasting throughout a life
• 10) sleep-deprived (teenagers) who dont get
  enough sleep

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• C D B C
• 1) ???????????,????7??????,???,???????????????
• 2)??????????????????????????
• 3)?6???,???????????????????
• 4)??????????????? - ?????????????

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• Clean Water Our Most Valuable Resource
• Phrases refer to causes
• because, because of, for, since, now that, due
  to, on account of, etc.
• phrases refer to effectstherefore, so, as a
  result, hence, etc.
• 1) garbage and poisonous chemicals are dumped
  into the oceans.
• 2) sea creatures are killed
• - rivers and lakes filled with these chemicals
  may catch fire
• - many people have no access to clean water
• - many people die from polluted water

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• Context Clues
• 1) resource a useful possession
• 2) creature animal
• 3) due to because of
• 4) bodies of water oceans, rivers, lakes,
  streams, and underground pools of water
• 5) over time gradually
• 6) unthinking (humans) not thinking about the
  effects of what they do
• 7) downstream in the direction the water in a
  stream is flowing
• 8) select special and carefully chosen
• 9) sustain nourish and support

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• B A D C
• 1)?????????????
• 2)???????????????????????????
• 3)???????????
• 4)??????????????,??????????????????????