Advanced Computer Architecture 5MD00 5Z033 Instruction Set Design

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Advanced Computer Architecture5MD00 /
5Z033Instruction Set Design

• Henk Corporaal
• www.ics.ele.tue.nl/heco
• h.corporaal_at_tue.nl
• TUEindhoven
• 2008

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Lecture overview

• ISA and Evolution
• Architecture classes
• Addressing
• Operands
• Operations
• Encoding
• RISC
• SIMD extensions

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Instruction Set Architecture

• The instruction set architecture serves as the
  interface between software and hardware
• It provides the mechanism by which the software
  tells the hardware what should be done
• Architecture definitionthe architecture of a
  system/processor is (a minimal description of)
  its behavior as observed by its immediate users

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Instruction Set Design Issues

• Where are operands stored?
• registers, memory, stack, accumulator
• How many explicit operands are there?
• 0, 1, 2, or 3
• How is the operand location specified?
• register, immediate, indirect, . . .
• What type size of operands are supported?
• byte, int, float, double, string, vector. . .
• What operations are supported?
• basic operations add, sub, mul, move, compare .
  . .
• or also very complex operations?

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Operands

• How are operands designated?
• fixed always in the same place
• by opcode always the same for groups of
  instructions
• by a field in the instruction requires decode
  first
• What is the format of the data?
• binary
• character
• decimal (packed and unpacked)
• floating-point IEEE 754 (others used less and
  less)
• size 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-, 128-bit
• What is the influence on the ISA (
  Instruction-Set Architecture)?

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Operand Locations
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Classifying ISAs
Accumulator (before 1960) 1 address add A acc
acc memA Stack (1960s to 1970s) 0
address add tos tos next Memory-Memory
(1970s to 1980s) 2 address add A, B memA
memA memB 3 address add A, B, C memA
memB memC Register-Memory (1970s to
present) 2 address add R1, A R1 R1
memA load R1, A R1 memA Register-Regis
ter (Load/Store) (1960s to present) 3
address add R1, R2, R3 R1 R2 R3 load R1,
R2 R1 memR2 store R1, R2 memR1 R2
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Evolution of Architectures
Single Accumulator (EDSAC 1950)
Accumulator Index Registers
(Manchester Mark I, IBM 700 series 1953)
Separation of Programming Model from
Implementation
High-level Language Based
Concept of a Family
(B5000 1963)
(IBM 360 1964)
General Purpose Register Machines
Complex Instruction Sets
Load/Store Architecture
(CDC 6600, Cray 1 1963-76)
(Vax, Intel 8086 1977-80)
RISC
(Mips,Sparc,88000,IBM RS6000, . . .1987)
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Addressing Modes

• Types
• Register data in a register
• Immediate data in the instruction
• Memory data in memory
• Calculation of Effective Address
• Direct address in instruction
• Indirect address in register
• Displacement address register or PC offset
• Indexed address register register
• Memory Indirect address at address in register
• What is the influence on ISA?

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Types of Addressing Mode (VAX)

• Addressing Mode Example Action
• 1. Register direct Add R4, R3 R4 lt- R4 R3
• 2. Immediate Add R4, 3 R4 lt- R4 3
• 3. Displacement Add R4, 100(R1) R4 lt- R4 M100
  R1
• 4. Register indirect Add R4, (R1) R4 lt- R4
  MR1
• 5. Indexed Add R4, (R1 R2) R4 lt- R4 MR1
  R2
• 6. Direct Add R4, (1000) R4 lt- R4 M1000
• 7. Memory Indirect Add R4, _at_(R3) R4 lt- R4
  MMR3
• 8. Autoincrement Add R4, (R2) R4 lt- R4 MR2
• R2 lt- R2 d
• 9. Autodecrement Add R4, (R2)- R4 lt- R4 MR2
• R2 lt- R2 - d
• 10. Scaled Add R4, 100(R2)R3 R4 lt- R4
• M100 R2 R3d
• Studies by Clark and Emer indicate that modes
  1-4 account for 93 of all operands on the VAX

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Operations

• Types
• ALU Integer arithmetic and logical functions
• Data transfer Loads/stores
• Control Branch, jump, call, return, traps,
  interrupts
• System O/S calls, virtual memory management
• Floating point Floating point arithmetic
• Decimal Decimal arithmetic (BCD binary coded
  decimal)
• String moves, compares, search, etc.
• Graphics Pixel/vertex operations
• Vector Vector (SIMD) functions
• more complex ones
• Addressing
• Which addressing modes for which operands are
  supported?

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80x86 Instruction Frequency
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Relative Frequency of Control Instructions

• Design hardware to handle branches quickly,
  since these occur most frequently

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Frequency of Operand Sizeson 32-bit Load-Store
Machines

• For floating-point want good performance for 64
  bit operands.
• For integer operations want good performance for
  32 bit operands
• Recent architectures also support 64-bit integers
  

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Instruction Encoding

• Variable
• Instruction length varies based on opcode and
  address specifiers
• For example, VAX instructions vary between 1 and
  53 bytes, while x86 instruction vary between 1
  and 17 bytes.
• Good code density, but difficult to decode and
  pipeline
• Fixed
• Only a single size for all instructions
• For example MIPS, Power PC, Sparc all have 32 bit
  instructions
• Not as good code density, but easier to decode
  and pipeline
• Hybrid
• Have multiple format lengths specified by the
  opcode
• For example, IBM 360/370
• Compromise between code density and ease of decode

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Instruction Encoding
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Example MIPS
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Compilers and ISA

• Compiler Goals
• All correct programs compile correctly
• Most compiled programs execute quickly
• Most programs compile quickly
• Achieve small code size
• Provide debugging support
• Multiple Source Compilers
• Same compiler can compile different languages
• Multiple Target Compilers
• Same compiler can generate code for different
  machines

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Compiler basics trajectory
Source program
Preprocessor
Compiler
Error messages
Assembler
Library code
Loader/Linker
Object program
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Compiler basics structure / passes
Source code
Lexical analyzer
token generation
check syntax check semantic
parse tree generation
Parsing
Intermediate code
data flow analysis local optimizations
global optimizations
Code optimization
code selection peephole optimizations
Code generation
making interference graph graph
coloring
spill code insertion
caller / callee save and restore code
Register allocation
Sequential code
Scheduling and allocation
exploiting ILP
Object code
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Compiler basics structure Simple compilation
example
position initial rate 60
Lexical analyzer
temp1 intoreal(60) temp2 id3 temp1 temp3
id2 temp2 id1 temp3
id id id 60
Syntax analyzer
Code optimizer
temp1 id3 60.0 id1 id2 temp1
Code generator
movf id3, r2 mulf 60, r2, r2 movf id2,
r1 addf r2, r1 movf r1, id1
Intermediate code generator
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Designing ISA to Improve Compilation

• Provide enough general purpose registers to ease
  register allocation ( at least 16)
• Provide regular instruction sets by keeping the
  operations, data types, and addressing modes
  largely orthogonal
• Provide primitive constructs rather than trying
  to map to a high-level language
• Allow compilers to help make the common case fast

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A "Typical" RISC

• 32-bit fixed length instruction
• Only few instruction formats
• 32 32-bit GPRs (general purpose registers)
• 3-address, reg-reg arithmetic instruction
• Single address mode for load/store base
  displacement
• no indirection
• Simple branch conditions
• Pipelined implementation
• Separate Instruction and Data level-1 caches
• Delayed branch ?

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Comparison MIPS with 80x86

• How would you expect the x86 and MIPS
  architectures to compare on the following
• CPI on SPEC benchmarks
• Ease of design and implementation
• Ease of writing assembly language compilers
• Code density
• Overall performance
• What other advantages/disadvantages are there to
  the two architectures?

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Instruction Set ExtensionsSubword parallelism

• Support graphics and multimedia applications
• Intels MMX Technology (introduced in 1997)
• Intels Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)
• AMDs 3DNow! Technology
• Suns Visual Instruction Set
• Motorolas and IBMs AltiVec Technology
• These extensions improve the performance of
• Computer-aided design
• Internet applications
• Computer visualization
• Video games
• Speech recognition

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MMX Data Types

• MMX Technology supports operations on the
  following 64-bit integer data types

Packed byte (eight 8-bit elements)
Packed word (four 16-bit elements)
Packed double word (two 32-bit elements)
Packed quad word (one 64-bit elements)
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SIMD Operations

• MMX Technology allows a Single Instruction to
  work on Multiple pieces of Data (SIMD)
• PADDW Packed add word
• In the above example, 4 parallel adds are
  performed on 16-bit elements
• Most MMX instructions only require a single cycle

A3
A2
A1
A0
B3
B2
B1
B0
A3B3
A2B2
A1B1
A0B0
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Saturating Arithmetic

• Both wrap-around and saturating adds are
  supported
• With saturating arithmetic, results that
  overflow/underflow are set to the
  largest/smallest value

PADDW Packed wrap-around add
PADDUSW Packed saturating add
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Pack and Unpack Instructions

• Pack and unpack instructions provide conversion
  between standard data types and packed data types

PACKSSDW Pack signed, with saturating, double
to packed word
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Multiply-Add Operations

• Many graphics applications require
  multiply-accumulate operations
• Vector Dot Products a b
• Matrix Multiplies
• Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs)
• Filter implementations

PMADDWD Packed multiply-add word to double
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Vector Dot Product

• A dot product on an 8-element vector can be
  performed using 9 MMX instructions
• Without MMX 40 instructions are required

a0c0.. a3c3
a4c4.. a7c7
0
0
a0c0.. a7c7
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Packed Compare Instructions

• Packed compare instructions allow a bit mask to
  be set or cleared
• This is useful when images with certain qualities
  need to be extracted

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MMX Instructions

• MMX Technology adds 57 new instructions to the
  x86 architecture.
• Some of these instructions include
  (bbytew32-bitd64-bit)
• PADD(b, w, d) Packed addition
• PSUB(b, w, d) Packed subtraction
• PCMPE(b, w, d) Packed compare equal
• PMULLw Packed word multiply low
• PMULHw Packed word multiply high
• PMADDwd Packed word multiply-add
• PSRL(w, d, q) Pack shift right logical
• PACKSS(wb, dw) Pack data
• PUNPCK(bw, wd, dq) Unpack data
• PAND, POR, PXOR Packed logical operations

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MMX Performance Comparison
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MMX Technology Summary

• MMX technology extends the Intel x86 architecture
  to improve the performance of multimedia and
  graphics applications.
• It provides a speedup of 1.5 to 2.0 for certain
  applications.
• MMX instructions are hand-coded in assembly or
  implemented as libraries to achieve high
  performance.
• MMX data types use the x86 floating point
  registers to avoid adding state to the processor.
• Makes it easy to handle context switches
• Makes it hard to perform MMX and floating point
  instructions at the same time
• Only increase the chip area by about 5.

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Questions on MMX

• What are the strengths and weaknesses of MMX
  Technology?
• How could MMX Technology potentially be improved?
• How did the developers of MMX preserve backward
  compatibility with the x86 architecture?
• Why was this important?
• What are the disadvantages of this approach?
• What restrictions/limitations are there on the
  use of MMX Technology?

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Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)

• Help improve the performance of video and 3D
  applications
• Are designed for streaming data, which is used
  once and then discarded.
• 70 new instructions beyond MMX Technology
• Adds new 128-bit registers
• Provide the ability to perform multiple floating
  point operations
• Four parallel operations on 32-bit numbers
• Reciprocal and reciprocal root instructions -
  normalization
• Packed average instruction Motion compensation
• Provide data prefetch instructions
• Make certain applications 1.5 to 2.0 times faster