SOLVING THE CRISIS IN DARFUR EU AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES

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SOLVING THE CRISISIN DARFUR EU AND
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES

• Pekka Haavisto
• 5 April 2006
• Directors Forum, Woodrow Wilson Center

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What are the goals in Darfur?

• End of conflict
• Security, safe return of IDPs and refugees
• Disarmament, reconstruction, reconciliation
• Human rights
• Freedom of expression, free press
• Census (to prepare the elections)
• Forming of political parties
• Free elections
• End of (inofficial) security organisations
• Transparency in administration and budgeting

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Importance of Sudan

• Biggest country in Africa
• 40 million inhabitants
• Arab and African population
• Muslim, Christian and traditional religions
• Oil resources

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Sudan has many neighbours
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Three conflict areas in Sudan

• North-South Civil War 1983-2005
• Peace Agreement in Naivasha 2005
• Slow implemenation of CPA
• Conflict in Darfur
• Peace talks in Abuja, Nigeria
• Violence continuing on the ground
• Eastern Sudan
• Rebel movements supported by Eritrea
• Beja Congress, Free Lions

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North-South peace agreement

• 21 years of war
• 1,5 million casualties, 4 million refugees
• Comprehensive Peace Agreement
• Wealth sharing, including oil revenues
• Power sharing, e.g. First Vice-President for
  Southerners
• Security, JIU and SPLA

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Tragic beginning for the peace

• First Vice-President John Garang dies in July 2005

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CPA challenges

• Presence of Southern Sudan in Khartoum
• Transparency of oil income
• Forming of Joint Integrated Units
• Referendum in 2011
• Safe return of IDPs and refugees
• Reconstruction (or construction)

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Elements in Darfur conflict

• Population in villages versus nomads
• Government of Sudan has armed arab nomads,
  Janjaweed
• GoS and Janjaweed joint attacks against villages
• 2 million IDPs/refugees

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Darfur is the size of France
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The Challenges of the Comprehensive Peace
Agreement

• Visibility of South-Sudan in Khartoum
• Transparency of the oil revenues
• Forming of the common army
• Refrendum in 2011
• Attitudes
• Safe return of the refugees and IDPs to South
  Sudan

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The Darfur Conflict

• Traditional conflict between farmers and nomads
• The Arab-nomads, Janjaweeds, armed by the
  Government of Sudan (GoS)
• The attack by the GoS and Janjaweeds to the
  villages
• 2 million refugees

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Assistance by the International Community

• Massive humanitarian operation
• Food and medicine assistance to the camps
• The peascetalks led by the African Union in
  Abuja, Nigeria
• African Union peacekeeping operation with 7000
  men
• EUs support to African Union

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EU Support to Darfur

• EU humanitarian assiatance to Darfur EUR 289
  million
• EUR 136 million directed through ECHO, including
  EUR 39.5 million for refugees in Chad
• EUR 153 million for food aid/food security

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EU support to AMIS

• EC's assistance to AMIS has so far amounted to
  EUR 162 million
• 4 Military Observers, 29 CivPol in Darfur
• 15 Military Experts deployed in Addis

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• EU police supporting the African Union police
  operation in Darfur

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African Union Peacekeepers in Darfur
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African Union AMIS helicopter
Masking attempt by the Govenment of Sudan
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Darfurian rebel movements

• JEM (Justice and Equality Movement)
• Khalil Ibrahim
• SLM/A (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army)
• Minni Minawi
• Abdul Wahid

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Negotiations with SLA rebels in Darfur
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Janjaweed

• Arab nomads armed by the Government of Sudan
• Attacks to the Darfur villages with the GoS
  airforce
• Human rights violations

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Violations against Human Rights and War Crimes

• Genocide or not?
• UN has listed 51 potential criminals
• UN sanctions against individuals?
• ICC, International Criminal Court (5 leaders from
  Lord Resistance Army, LRA listed)

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Refugee situation

• 2 million refugees in the camps in Darfur
• Return to villages often impossible
• In camps there are schools and medical care
• Camps as recruitment area of the rebels
• Urbanization process

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Demostrations agains the UN in Nyala, Darfur
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Peace talks in Abuja

• African Union in lead (Amb. Salim Ahmed Salim)
• EU supporting
• 3 sectors
• wealth
• power
• security

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Abuja talks Wealth sharing

• Draft protocol almost ready
• Pending issues include
• Compensations (individual?)
• Allocation formula
• Percentages

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Abuja talks Power sharing

• Region (3 states or 1 region)
• Borders (1.1.1956 boundaries)
• Presidency (Vice-President)
• Representation in Khartoum State
• Ministers / Parliamentarias
• Darurian representation in civil service

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Abuja talks Security I

• Enhanced Humanitarian Cease-Fire Agreement
• Disengagement (maps of areas of control)
• Redeployment (areas where troops can be monitored
  by AMIS)
• Janjaweed (GoS to have responsibility)

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Abuja talks Security II

• Protection of Civilians (more robust)
• Security of Humanitarian Supply Routes
  (demilitarized routes)
• Bridging Provisions (bridge to final security
  arrangements, like integration of comabatants,
  disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
  (DDR)

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Abuja talks Challenges

• Disarming Janjaweed (GoS)
• Zones of Redeployment (rebels)
• Controlling IDP camps (GoS)
• Sudan and Chad border (GoS)
• Merging of the rebel troops to Sudan Armed Forces
  (GoS)
• Darfur-Darfur talks (GoS, rebels)

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Sudan challenges

• Implementation of the North-South Peace-agreement
• New areas of conclict East, Lord Resistance Army
  LRA
• Darfur Peace-agreement and its implementation, UN
  operation
• Equal sharing of the wealth

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What can we do?

• Humanitarian Assistance
• Development cooperation
• NGOs
• EUs support to AU and UN peacekeeping and police
  operations
• EUs support to Abuja Process
• Pressure to the parties to comply with peace
  agreements

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Thank you.